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. 2021 Jan 21;11:574386. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.574386

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Copyright © 2021 Martin, Chao, Krengel, Ho, Yee, Lew, Knight, Hamblin and Naeser.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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LED devices. (A) NIR, LED-lined helmet (PhotoMedex, Horsham, PA). (B) LED cluster head placement configuration inside PhotoMedex helmet. (C) Separate clear plastic liner assigned to each participant to fit inside the PhotoMedex helmet (to protect diodes and for hygiene), and control box where each row could be turned on and off separately. (D) Two NIR, LED cluster heads for placement over the ears (MedX Health, Toronto). (E) Red intranasal LED applicator (Vielight, Toronto; Hayward, CA); note, an identical NIR intranasal was also used in the other nostril. (F) NIR, LED-lined helmet (Thor Photomedicine, London, UK; Hampstead, MD), used if the participant's head had a circumference greater than 24 inches. (G) LED cluster head placement configuration inside the Thor helmet, with both red and NIR diodes in each cluster head. Only the NIR diodes were turned on for this study. During all helmet treatments, the midline row was first treated, then turned off, and then the left and right sides were treated. The fans for each LED cluster head inside the helmet (for cooling) were always turned on. Sham and real treatments felt identical. Participants and assistant wore goggles to block the red intranasal light. NIR, near-infrared wavelength; LED, light-emitting diodes. See Table 3 for LED specifications and treatment parameters. (E) Printed with permission from the Vielight Co.