Table 2. Association of GLS With Mortality in Individuals With Heart Failure^a.

Variable	All-cause mortality		Cardiac death
	HR (95% CI) for GLS per SD	P value	HR (95% CI) for GLS per SD	P value
Adjusted for age, sex, observer, and image qualityb	1.93 (1.65-2.27)	<.001	2.96 (2.30-3.82)	<.001
With LVEF, E/E′ ratio	1.63 (1.27-2.09)	<.001	2.36 (1.67-3.35)	<.001
With cardiovascular risk factorsc	1.60 (1.24-2.05)	<.001	2.37 (1.66-3.38)	<.001
With comorbidities and eGFRd	1.66 (1.29-2.13)	<.001	2.49 (1.75-3.56)	<.001
With cardiac structure and NYHA classe	1.55 (1.19-2.01)	.001	2.31 (1.60-3.34)	<.001
With heart failure medicationf	1.55 (1.19-2.01)	.001	2.32 (1.57-3.42)	<.001

Abbreviations: E, peak early diastolic transmitral flow velocity; E′, peak early diastolic mitral annular tissue velocity at lateral mitral annulus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLS, global longitudinal strain; HR, hazard ratio; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association.

^aMultivariable Cox regression analysis with all-cause mortality was the dependent variable and GLS was the independent variable with adjustment for the denoted parameters.

^bNine observers were involved in the GLS measurement.

^cCardiovascular risk factors included type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, family history of myocardial infarction or stroke, arterial hypertension, obesity, and smoking.

^dComorbidities included atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, stroke, and venous thromboembolism.

^eMeasures of cardiac structure comprised left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness.

^fHeart failure medication comprised aldosterone receptor antagonists (C03DA), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (C09A), angiotensin receptor blockers (C09C), β-blockers (C07), and/or diuretics (C03). Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system codes are reported in parentheses.