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(A) UPR has three classical signaling pathways: i) the protein kinase and ribonuclease, IRE1; ii) the transcription factor ATF; and iii) protein kinase PERK. (B) Association of ER stress with ferroptosis, autophagy, immunogenic cell death and oxidative stress in tumor cell death. UPR, unfolded protein response; IRE1, ribonuclease inositol requiring enzyme 1; ATF6, activating transcription factor 6; PERK, protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase; UPR, the unfolded protein response.
