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. 2021 Jan 14;45(3):1171–1181. doi: 10.3892/or.2021.7936

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Copyright: © Rashid et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Figure 2. — The expression level of cytokines in MDSC-derived exosomes (exo) that are involved in tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and myeloid cell activation and function. In vitro quantification of the level of cytokines associated with (A) tumor invasion, (B) myeloid cell activation and function, and (C) angiogenesis, detected in the membrane-based array in protein samples collected from exosomes isolated from MDSCs of normal bone marrow (BM), the spleen of tumor-bearing mice and tumors. Quantitative data are expressed as mean ± SEM. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001, compared to the BM MDSC exo. n=4. (D and E) The role of MDSC-derived exosomes in tumor cell migration was evaluated by a wound-healing assay/scratch assay, carried out in the 4T1 murine breast cancer cell line with or without (control) splenic MDSC-derived exosome treatment. (D) Representative microscopic images (×4 magnification) are shown before treatment, and 24 and 48 h after treatment. (E) Semi-quantitative analysis of the percentage of non-covered area/cell-free area. Quantitative data are expressed as mean ± SEM. ****P<0.0001. n=10. MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells; MMP-2, Matrix metalloproteinase-9; TIMP-2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; GCSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF, granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MDC, macrophage-derived chemokine; MIP-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α; SDF 1α, stromal cell-derived factor 1α; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; PF-4, platelet factor 4; VEGFR2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2.