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. 2021 Feb 3;12:102. doi: 10.1186/s13287-021-02153-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — The therapeutic effects of exosomes derived from different MSCs in the treatment of SCI. MSCs can be obtained from bone marrow, the umbilical cord, the amniotic membrane, and adipose tissue. Exosomes derived from MSCs have anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, as well as inhibit A1 astrocytes, promote axonal regeneration and macrophage polarization, and protect the BSCB from spinal cord injury