Table 3. Elemental Analysis and Carbon Yield from Hydrodeoxygenation of Bio-oil at Different Temperatures and in the Presence of Different Catalysts.

			elemental content of light bio-oil (wt %)					elemental ratio
substrate	upgrading condition (temperature, catalysts)		C	H	N	O	S	H/O (by mol)	H/C (by mol)	C/O (by mol)	bio-oil yield (wt %)	carbon yielda (%)
raw EFB	nab		42.25	5.88	1.03	50.75	0.09	1.85	1.67	1.11	na	100
raw bio-oil from EFB liquefaction	na		30.81	9.1	6.36	42.27	na	3.44	3.54	0.97	61.41	44.78
upgraded bio-oil	300 °C	Ni/Al2O3	28.84	9.56	5.9	48.1	na	3.18	3.98	0.80	46	43.06
		Co/Al2O3	27.37	9.62	5.52	55.74	na	2.76	4.22	0.65	44	41.76
		NiMo/Al2O3	25.44	9.66	5.94	41.05	na	3.77	4.56	0.83	45	41.83
		CoMo/Al2O3	26.2	9.43	6.3	49.77	na	3.03	4.32	0.70	41	42.22
	350 °C	Ni/Al2O3	23.96	10.42	4.77	44.1	na	3.78	5.22	0.72	41	37.49
		Co/Al2O3	29.66	10.27	4.02	49.43	na	3.32	4.16	0.80	27	33.42
		NiMo/Al2O3	37.69	10.77	4.96	38.91	na	4.43	3.43	1.29	40	50.83
		CoMo/Al2O3	38.21	10.3	4.01	35.11	na	4.69	3.23	1.45	35	35.48

^aIn this work, the carbon yield was calculated from only the light bio-oil portion and the heavy oil portion was excluded.

^bna = not applicable.