Table 1. Table summarizing study site attributes.

Study sites included Hāmākua Marsh, Kawainui Marsh, Marine Corps Base Hawaii—Kaneohe Bay (MCBH-KB), Honouliuli Wetland, Waiawa Wetland, James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge (JCNWR), and He‘eia National Estuarine Research Reserve. Coordinates for each site represent the starting location of nest surveys in each wetland. Sites are managed either by the Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), MCBH-KB, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), or the Hawai‘i Community Development Authority (HCDA). Sites receive different sources of water, such as direct rainfall, runoff, stream input, and tidal fluctuations, as well as different degrees of water depth management, such as pumping water from wells, diverting streams, and draining. Most sites manage invasive vegetation via mowing. The MCBH-KB uses amphibious assault vehicles (AAV) to remove invasive vegetation and create mudflat habitat, while also providing training to military personnel. At He‘eia, in addition to mowing, hand weeding and sheep grazing are used to control invasive vegetation.

Site	Year(s) surveyed	Coordinates	Size (ha)	Managing entity	Water source	Water depth management	Invasive vegetation management
Hāmākua	2018, 2019	21.3866°N, 157.7388°W	8	DLNR	Rainfall, runoff, tidal	Managed tidal flooding, draining	Mowing
Kawainui	2018, 2019	21.3827°N, 157.7593°W	16	DLNR	Rainfall, stream	Draining	Mowing
MCBH-KB	2019, 2020	21.4287°N, 157.7436°W	60	MCBH-KB	Rainfall, tidal	None	AAV’s
Honouliuli	2018, 2019	21.3567°N, 158.0210°W	10	USFWS	Rainfall, well water	Well water pumping, draining	Mowing
Waiawa	2018, 2019	21.3882°N, 157.9819°W	15	USFWS	Rainfall, well water	Well water pumping, draining	Mowing
JCNWR	2018, 2019	21.6844°N, 157.9543°W	51	USFWS	Rainfall, stream, tidal	Well water pumping, draining	Mowing
He‘eia	2019	21.4339°N, 157.8112°W	120	HCDA	Rainfall, stream	Stream diversions, draining	Mowing, hand weeding, sheep grazing