Table 1.
Sample characteristics (N = 14,687)a
| Characteristics | Living alone (n = 3059) |
Living with their spouse (n = 6644) |
Living with their family (n = 4984) |
χ2 or F | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 692 | 4.7 | 3786 | 25.8 | 1845 | 12.6 | 1120.77 | < .001 |
| Female | 2367 | 16.1 | 2858 | 19.4 | 3139 | 21.4 | ||
| Age group (years) | ||||||||
| 65–69 | 763 | 5.2 | 2365 | 16.1 | 1737 | 11.8 | 344.96 | < .001 |
| 70–74 | 769 | 5.2 | 2026 | 13.8 | 1287 | 8.8 | ||
| 75–79 | 796 | 5.4 | 1443 | 9.8 | 970 | 6.6 | ||
| > 80 | 731 | 5.0 | 810 | 5.5 | 990 | 6.8 | ||
| M ± SD | 74.86 ± 6.45 | 72.47 ± 5.50 | 73.56 ± 6.75 | 163.04 | < .001 | |||
| Range | 65–100 | 65–97 | 65–105 | |||||
| Educational level | ||||||||
| None | 552 | 3.8 | 383 | 2.6 | 681 | 4.6 | 661.31 | < .001 |
| Elementary school | 1257 | 8.6 | 2039 | 13.9 | 1797 | 12.3 | ||
| Middle school | 503 | 3.4 | 1471 | 10.0 | 977 | 6.7 | ||
| High school | 490 | 3.3 | 1684 | 11.5 | 1013 | 6.9 | ||
| College or higher | 246 | 1.7 | 1052 | 7.2 | 508 | 3.5 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married | 173 | 1.2 | 6644 | 45.3 | 2736 | 18.6 | 8632.93 | < .001 |
| Divorced | 434 | 3.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 203 | 1.4 | ||
| Widowed | 2360 | 16.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 2003 | 13.6 | ||
| Never married | 83 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 35 | 0.2 | ||
| Employment status | ||||||||
| Unemployed | 2381 | 16.2 | 4702 | 32.0 | 3752 | 25.6 | 61.74 | < .001 |
| Employed | 678 | 4.6 | 1936 | 13.2 | 1231 | 8.4 | ||
| Eligibility for basic livelihood rights | ||||||||
| Yes | 502 | 3.4 | 263 | 1.8 | 297 | 2.0 | 545.17 | < .001 |
| In the past | 45 | 0.3 | 29 | 0.2 | 69 | 0.5 | ||
| No | 2509 | 17.1 | 6352 | 43.3 | 4618 | 31.4 | ||
| Monthly income (10,000 won)b | ||||||||
| < 50 | 1011 | 6.9 | 521 | 3.6 | 169 | 1.2 | 4585.51 | < .001 |
| 50–99 | 1328 | 9.1 | 2020 | 13.8 | 591 | 4.1 | ||
| 100–199 | 481 | 3.3 | 2144 | 14.7 | 941 | 6.5 | ||
| ≥ 200 | 221 | 1.5 | 1929 | 13.2 | 3230 | 22.1 | ||
a Missing data: educational level for older adults living alone (n = 11), living with their spouse (n = 15), living with family (n = 8); marital status for older adults living alone (n = 9), living with family (n = 7); employment status for older adults living with their spouse (n = 6), living with family (n = 1); basic livelihood rights for older adults living alone (n = 3); monthly income for older adults. b 1USD = approximately 1200 Korean won