Table 4.
Logistic Regression Model for Happiness Comparing Three Living Arrangements of Older Adults
| Variables | Living alone | Living with their spouse | Living with their family | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Gender | 1.39 | 1.08–1.78 | 1.06 | 0.92–1.22 | 1.39 | 1.16–1.66 |
| Age | 1.01 | 1.00–1.03 | 1.02 | 1.01–1.03 | 1.02 | 1.01–1.03 |
| Educational level | ||||||
| None | 0.64 | 0.41–1.00 | 0.62 | 0.45–0.87 | 0.46 | 0.33–0.65 |
| Elementary | 0.85 | 0.57–1.26 | 0.63 | 0.50–0.80 | 0.57 | 0.43–0.77 |
| Middle | 0.63 | 0.42–0.95 | 0.55 | 0.44–0.70 | 0.61 | 0.45–0.82 |
| High | 0.72 | 0.48–1.09 | 0.73 | 0.58–0.92 | 0.61 | 0.45–0.82 |
| College or higher | referent | referent | referent | |||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 0.90 | 0.47–1.75 | 1.64 | 0.08–31.79 | 0.48 | 0.19–1.22 |
| Divorced | 1.05 | 0.59–1.87 | 0.91 | 0.04–21.87 | 0.29 | 0.11–0.78 |
| Widowed | 1.18 | 0.68–2.07 | 1.00 | 0.04–24.11 | 0.50 | 0.19–1.28 |
| Never married | referent | referent | referent | |||
| Employment status | 0.74 | 0.59–0.92 | 0.90 | 0.78–1.04 | 0.95 | 0.80–1.13 |
| Eligibility for basic livelihood rights | ||||||
| Yes | 0.68 | 0.53–0.88 | 1.00 | 0.74–1.34 | 0.83 | 0.61–1.13 |
| In the past | 0.82 | 0.40–1.68 | 1.23 | 0.51–2.93 | 0.88 | 0.50–1.56 |
| No | referent | referent | referent | |||
| Monthly income (10,000 won)a | ||||||
| < 50 | 0.48 | 0.32–0.72 | 0.37 | 0.28–0.47 | 0.53 | 0.36–0.78 |
| 50–99 | 0.77 | 0.52–1.14 | 0.56 | 0.46–0.67 | 0.63 | 0.51–0.79 |
| 100–199 | 0.81 | 0.53–1.24 | 0.64 | 0.54–0.76 | 0.69 | 0.58–0.82 |
| ≥ 200 | referent | referent | referent | |||
| Depressive symptoms | 0.87 | 0.85–0.90 | 0.87 | 0.85–0.89 | 0.87 | 0.85–0.89 |
| Present health status | 1.21 | 1.15–1.28 | 1.26 | 1.21–1.31 | 1.23 | 1.18–1.29 |
| Trust in neighbors | 1.45 | 1.16–1.82 | 1.32 | 1.13–1.54 | 1.19 | 1.01–1.42 |
| Help from neighbors | 0.88 | 0.71–1.09 | 1.10 | 0.95–1.27 | 1.11 | 0.95–1.31 |
| Neighborhood safety level | 1.24 | 0.96–1.60 | 1.04 | 0.87–1.26 | 0.94 | 0.77–1.16 |
| Natural environment | 1.05 | 0.83–1.34 | 1.02 | 0.86–1.20 | 1.32 | 1.09–1.59 |
| Life environment | 1.01 | 0.76–1.36 | 1.14 | 0.93–1.41 | 1.23 | 0.97–1.56 |
| Condition of public transportation | 1.01 | 0.77–1.32 | 1.24 | 1.03–1.50 | 1.22 | 0.97–1.53 |
| Condition of medical facilities | 1.16 | 0.88–1.53 | 1.04 | 0.85–1.27 | 0.92 | 0.73–1.16 |
| Contact with family | ||||||
| Less than once a month | 0.92 | 0.70–1.21 | 0.99 | 0.81–1.22 | 0.80 | 0.65–0.99 |
| Once a month | 0.70 | 0.51–0.95 | 0.84 | 0.68–1.02 | 0.97 | 0.77–1.22 |
| 2–3 times a month | 0.87 | 0.64–1.18 | 1.07 | 0.87–1.31 | 0.92 | 0.73–1.15 |
| Once a week | 0.79 | 0.60–1.05 | 1.17 | 0.97–1.42 | 1.06 | 0.83–1.35 |
| 2–3 times a week | 0.75 | 0.57–0.99 | 1.03 | 0.84–1.25 | 0.97 | 0.77–1.24 |
| ≥ 4 times a week | referent | referent | referent | |||
| Contact with neighbors | ||||||
| Less than once a month | 0.90 | 0.70–1.15 | 0.83 | 0.69–0.99 | 1.04 | 0.86–1.27 |
| Once a month | 0.93 | 0.62–1.38 | 0.81 | 0.63–1.05 | 1.35 | 1.00–1.83 |
| 2–3 times a month | 1.38 | 0.89–2.13 | 1.13 | 0.86–1.48 | 1.62 | 1.18–2.22 |
| Once a week | 0.62 | 0.42–0.93 | 0.88 | 0.68–1.12 | 0.85 | 0.65–1.12 |
| 2–3 times a week | 1.01 | 0.76–1.34 | 1.12 | 0.91–1.37 | 1.07 | 0.85–1.35 |
| ≥ 4 times a week | referent | referent | referent | |||
| Contact with friends | ||||||
| Less than once a month | 0.81 | 0.63–1.04 | 0.84 | 0.69–1.02 | 0.90 | 0.73–1.12 |
| Once a month | 0.93 | 0.68–1.26 | 0.69 | 0.56–0.84 | 0.91 | 0.72–1.15 |
| 2–3 times a month | 0.90 | 0.64–1.27 | 0.80 | 0.64–1.01 | 1.10 | 0.85–1.41 |
| Once a week | 1.18 | 0.83–1.69 | 0.81 | 0.63–1.04 | 1.32 | 0.99–1.75 |
| 2–3 times a week | 1.44 | 1.05–1.96 | 0.92 | 0.73–1.15 | 1.19 | 0.92–1.54 |
| ≥ 4 times a week | referent | referent | referent | |||
| Religious activities | 1.49 | 1.24–1.79 | 1.22 | 1.07–1.40 | 1.31 | 1.13–1.51 |
| Belonging to communities | 1.25 | 1.03–1.52 | 1.20 | 1.05–1.39 | 1.08 | 0.92–1.27 |
| Leisure activities | 1.38 | 1.05–1.80 | 1.47 | 1.24–1.75 | 1.37 | 1.12–1.68 |
| Charity activities | 1.08 | 0.70–1.67 | 1.22 | 0.91–1.62 | 1.20 | 0.86–1.68 |
| Constant | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.03 | |||
a 1 USD = approximately 1200 Korean won. OR = odds ratio. CI = confidence interval