Table 3.
Susceptibility of different animals to SARS-CoV-2 infection1.
| Animals susceptible2 | Animals with discordant susceptibility3 | Animals not susceptible |
|---|---|---|
| Chinese horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus sinicus) | Dog | Poultry (chicken, duck, turkey, goose, pigeon)4 |
| Himalayan palm civet (Paguma larvata) | Pig | Mouse4 |
| Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus)5 | Rat4 | |
| Domestic cat5 | Racoon dog | |
| Farmed mink5, 6 | Hedgehog | |
| Ferret5 | Platypus | |
| Golden Syrian hamster5 | Guinea pig | |
| Racoon | Elephant | |
| Squirrels | Kangaroo rat | |
| Rabbit | Meerkat | |
| Sheep | Aquatic food animals (finfish, crustaceans, mollusks, amphibians)4 | |
| Cattle | ||
| Horse | ||
| Stoat | ||
| Polecat | ||
| Orangutan | ||
| Common marmoset | ||
| Pangolin | ||
| Macaques (Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta) | ||
| Captive tigers and lions5 | ||
| Apes |
Compiled from Shi et al. (2020); Lakdawala and Menachery (2020); Chen et al., 2020b, Chen et al., 2020c; Xiao et al., 2020b; Zhang et al., 2020a; Halfmann et al., 2020; Sit et al., 2020; Sia et al., 2020; Bosco-Lauth et al., 2020; Cohen, 2020; Andersen et al., 2020; Wan et al., 2020; Santini and Edward, 2020; Kim et al., 2020; Luan et al., 2020; Zhai et al., 2020; Munster et al., 2020; Bondad-Reantaso et al., 2020; OIE, 2020b; USDA [United States Department of Agriculture], 2020; CVMA, 2020; Bao et al., 2020; Schlottau et al., 2020; Richard et al., 2020; and ProMED 2020a,b). Animal species not listed do not yet have any evidence available (CVMA, 2020).
At-risk animals that may serve as reservoirs once the COVID-19 pandemic is over or as animal models for SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Conflicting experimental studies have been reported for these animals: dogs (Chen et al., 2020b) and pigs (Santini and Edward, 2020) (e.g., Shi et al. (2020) did not detect SARS-CoV-2 in infected pigs and Schlottau et al. (2020) confirmed that pigs are not susceptible, but computational model predictions of infectivity in wild boar (Luan et al., 2020) and pigs (Chen et al., 2020b; Wan et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020; Zhai et al., 2020) indicated pigs to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. Chen et al. (2020b) reported dogs have very rare co-expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, but computational model predictions of infectivity indicated dogs to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2.
These animals have no co-expression of the entry receptor ACE2 and entry activator TMPRSS2 in lung cells (e.g., poultry, Chen et al., 2020b) or the ACE2 receptor is not used by SARS-CoV-2 (e.g., mouse and rat, Wan et al., 2020), or the ACE2 receptor has very low sequence identity (≤61%) compared to the human ACE2 receptor (e.g., snake, frog, fish, Chen et al., 2020c).
These animals show transmission between other animals of the same species under experimental infections (Shi et al., 2020; CVMA, 2020; OIE, 2020).
These animals transmit to humans (i.e., reverse anthroponosis, Oreshkova et al., 2020; Santini and Edward, 2020; CVMA, 2020; OIE, 2020).