Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 by survival status
| Characteristics | All (N = 200) | Non-survivors (n = 45) | Survivors (n = 155) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age mean, (SD), yr. | 58.9 (15.1) | 67.1 (13.7) | 58 (14.9) | < 0.001 |
| Age group, no. (%) | ||||
| < 65 yr | 122 (61.0) | 15 (33.3) | 107 (69.0) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 65 yr | 78 (39.0) | 30 (66.7) | 48 (31.0) | |
| Gender, no. (%) | ||||
| Male | 121 (60.5) | 29 (64.4) | 92 (59.4) | 0.540 |
| Female | 79 (39.5) | 16 (35.6) | 63 (40.6) | |
| Race, no. (%) | ||||
| African American | 143 (71.5) | 35 (77.8) | 108 (69.7) | 0.500 |
| Hispanic/Latino | 33 (16.5) | 5 (11.1) | 28 (18.1) | |
| White | 15 (7.5) | 3 (6.7) | 12 (7.7) | |
| Others | 9 (4.5) | 2 (4.4) | 7 (4.5) | |
| Insurance, no. (%) | ||||
| Medicare | 21 (10.5) | 5 (11.1) | 16 (10.3) | |
| Medicaid alone | 24 (12.0) | 4 (8.9) | 20 (12.9) | |
| Medicaid and other a | 79 (39.5) | 27 (60.0) | 52 (33.6) | 0.020 |
| Private | 59 (29.5) | 8 (17.8) | 51 (32.9) | |
| Uninsured | 17 (8.5) | 1 (2.2) | 16 (10.3) | |
| Referral, no. (%) | ||||
| Community | 137 (68.5) | 24 (53.3) | 113 (72.9) | 0.009 |
| Nursing home residents | 46 (23.0) | 19 (42.2) | 27 (17.4) | 0.001 |
| Homelessness | 17 (8.5) | 2 (4.4) | 15 (9.7) | 0.270 |
| Body mass index, no. (%) | ||||
| 18.5–24.9, kg/m2 | 45 (22.5%) | 11 (24.4%) | 34 (21.9%) | |
| 25–29.9, kg/m2 | 64 (32.0%) | 16 (35.6%) | 48 (31%) | 0.490 |
| ≥ 30, kg/m2 | 74 (37.0%) | 14 (31.1%) | 60 (38.7%) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean, (SD) | 30 (9) | 28.3 (8.3) | 30.6 (9.2) | 0.14 |
| Comorbidities, no. (%) | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 100 (50.0) | 26 (57.8) | 74 (47.7) | 0.240 |
| HbA1C, mean (SD) | 7.7 (2.6) | 7.3 (2.5) | 7.8 (2.6) | 0.32 |
| Hypertension | 130 (65.0) | 35 (77.8) | 95 (61.3) | 0.04 |
| Coronary artery disease | 33 (16.5) | 12 (26.7) | 21 (13.6) | 0.04 |
| Congestive heart failure | 26 (13.0) | 4 (8.9) | 22 (14.2) | 0.35 |
| Cardiovascular diseases b | 56 (28.0) | 15 (33.3) | 41 (26.5) | 0.36 |
| Dyslipidemia | 69 (34.5) | 24 (53.3) | 45 (29.0) | 0.003 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 60 (30.0) | 19 (42.2) | 41 (26.5) | 0.04 |
| ESRD on dialysis | 27 (13.5) | 4 (8.9) | 23 (14.8) | 0.30 |
| History of stroke | 22 (11.0) | 9 (20.0) | 13 (8.4) | 0.03 |
| COPD | 19 (9.5) | 7 (15.6) | 12 (7.7) | 0.11 |
| Asthma | 20 (10.0) | 3 (6.7) | 17 (11) | 0.39 |
| Chronic lung disease c | 41 (20.5%) | 9 (20%) | 32 (20.7%) | 0.93 |
| Comorbidities, no. (%) | ||||
| Hepatitis B | 3 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.9) | 0.34 |
| Hepatitis C | 5 (2.5) | 2 (4.4) | 3 (1.9) | 0.34 |
| HIV | 14 (7.0) | 4 (8.9) | 10 (6.5) | 0.57 |
| Malignancyd | 13 (6.5) | 3 (6.7%) | 10 (6.5) | 0.95 |
| Dementia | 24 (12.0) | 10 (22.2) | 14 (9.0) | 0.01 |
COPD, chronic obstructive lung disease; ERSD, end-stage renal disease; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c
aInsurance status of Medicaid and others is combination of Medicaid with any other insurance
bCardiovascular Diseases (cardiovascular diseases variable is combined CAD, CHF, atrial fibrillation, and PAD)
cChronic lung diseases (combination of COPD, asthma, and obstructive sleep apnea)
dMalignancy both active and in remission