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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Feb 4.
Published in final edited form as: Osteoporos Int. 2018 May 18;29(8):1713–1720. doi: 10.1007/s00198-018-4570-1

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Relationship of muscle atrophy, and muscle hypertrophy, to myokines impacting bone resorption by osteoclasts (red) and bone formation by osteoblasts (blue). Myostatin expression and secretion is increased with unloading, increasing bone resorption. Follistatin is increased with muscle contraction and hypertrophy, suppressing myostatin-induced bone resorption. Follistatin and the myokine irisin, which is also increased with muscle contraction, can both directly inhibit osteoclastogenesis and irisin stimulates osteogenesis.