Table 1.

Overview of linguistic correlates and our operationalizations for four elements of dehumanization.

Dehumanization element	Operationalization
Negative evaluation of target group	Paragraph-level sentiment analysis Connotation frames of perspective Word embedding neighbor valence
Denial of agency	Connotation frames of agency Word embedding neighbor dominance
Moral disgust	Vector similarity to disgust
Vermin metaphor	Vector similarity to vermin