Table 1. General characteristics of preschool-age children in the urban area of Jakarta and its association with serum adiponectin (n = 85).
| Variables | Values1 | Association with adiponectin | |
|---|---|---|---|
| R-Value | P-Value* | ||
| Age (year) | 3.4 (3.3–3.4) | 0.057 | 0.604P |
| Gender | 0.541T | ||
| Female | 44 (51.8) | ||
| Male | 41 (48.2) | ||
| Had low birth weight history2 | 4 (4.7) | 0.870T | |
| Had low birth length history3 | 20 (23.5) | 0.677T | |
| Exclusive breastfeeding history | 0.093T | ||
| < Six months | 41 (48.2) | ||
| ≥ Six months | 44 (51.8) | ||
| Light physical activity4 | 0.540T | ||
| Sufficient | 46 (54.1) | ||
| Low | 39 (45.9) | ||
| Moderate to vigorous activity5 | 0.266T | ||
| Low | 10 (11.6) | ||
| Sufficient | 75 (88.2) | ||
| Total sleep6 | 0.482T | ||
| Low | 10 (11.8) | ||
| Sufficient | 75 (88.2) | ||
| BMI for age and sex percentile category7 | 0.040A | ||
| Underweight | 13 (15.3) | ||
| Normal weight | 58 (68.2) | ||
| Risk of overweight to overweight | 14 (16.5) | ||
| Having abdominal obesity8 | 15 (17.6) | 0.089T | |
| Parent NCDs9 history | |||
| Mother had an NCDs history | 20 (23.5) | 0.774T | |
| Father had an NCDs history | 21 (24.7) | 0.906T | |
| Mother education level10 | 0.830T | ||
| Low | 26 (30.6) | ||
| Medium to high | 59 (69.4) | ||
| Father education level10 | 0.566T | ||
| Low | 22 (25.9) | ||
| Medium to high | 63 (74.1) | ||
| Household income classification11 | 0.628T | ||
| Low | 51 (60.0) | ||
| Sufficient | 34 (40.0) | ||
1 Variable presented in mean ± SD or n (%).
2 Low birth weight: birth weight ≤ 2500 g.
3 Low birth length: birth length < 48 cm.
4 Sufficient (≤60 min/d), Low (>60 min/d).
5 Low (<60 min/d), Sufficient (≥60 min/d).
6 Low (<10 hours/d), Sufficient (≥10 hours/d).
7 Body Mass Index for age and sex percentile category: [1] <25th percentile = underweight, [2] 25th-85th percentile = normal weight, [3] >85th percentile = risk of overweight to overweight.
8 Abdominal obesity status based on waist circumference reference for age and sex: No (<80th percentile), yes (≥80th percentile).
9 Noncommunicable diseases (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, dyslipidemia).
10 Low (below or equal to the 9-year compulsory education); Medium to high (over the mandatory 9-year education).
11 Low: below the provincial minimum wage of Jakarta 2018 (< IDR 3,648,035 or < USD 250); Sufficient: equal to or over the provincial minimum wage of Jakarta 2018 (≥ IDR 3,648,035 or ≥ USD 250).
P Pearson correlation coefficient.
T Independent-Samples T-Test.
A Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test.
* Statistically significant if p<0.05.