Table 1.
Patient demographics, clinical information, and psychosocial factors by three groups of readmission. Values are reported as frequency (%) or mean ± standard deviation and median (minimum-maximum)
| Variable | No Readmissions N=822 (70.2%) | One Readmission N=228 (19.4%) | Multiple Readmissions N=120 (10.2%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age | |||
| 12-19 | 131 (11.2%) | 23 (2.0%) | 24 (2.1%) |
| 20-29 | 240 (20.5%) | 48 (4.1%) | 30 (2.6%) |
| 30-39 | 124 (10.6%) | 44 (3.8%) | 16 (1.4%) |
| 40-49 | 130 (11.1%) | 48 (4.1%) | 14 (1.2%) |
| 50-59 | 111 (9.5%) | 30 (2.6%) | 19 (1.6%) |
| 60-69 | 62 (5.3%) | 25 (2.1%) | 12 (1.0%) |
| 70 and older | 24 (2.1%) | 10 (0.9%) | 5 (0.4%) |
| n=822 | n=228 | n=120 | |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 667 (57.0%) | 179 (15.3%) | 100 (8.6%) |
| Female | 155 (13.3%) | 49 (4.2%) | 20 (1.7%) |
| n=822 | n=228 | n=120 | |
| Race | |||
| Caucasian | 604 (51.6%) | 166 (14.2%) | 75 (6.4%) |
| African American | 157 (13.4%) | 51 (4.4%) | 34 (2.9%) |
| Asian/pacific islander | 17 (1.5%) | 5 (0.4%) | 3 (0.3%) |
| n=778 | n=222 | n=112 | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Not Hispanic | 747 (63.9%) | 209 (17.9%) | 107 (9.2%) |
| Hispanic | 66 (5.6%) | 19 (1.6%) | 13 (1.1%) |
| n=813 | n=228 | n=120 | |
| Education* | |||
| 11th grade or less | 160 (13.7%) | 34 (2.9%) | 33 (2.8%) |
| High school or advanced degree | 610 (52.1%) | 174 (14.9%) | 71 (6.1%) |
| n=770 | n=208 | n=104 | |
| Occupation* | |||
| Working/ home-maker | 548 (46.8%) | 164 (14.2%) | 65 (5.6%) |
| Unemployed/ retired | 113 (9.7%) | 40 (3.4%) | 27 (2.3%) |
| Student | 147 (12.6%) | 20 (1.7%) | 20 (1.7%) |
| n=808 | n=224 | n=112 | |
| Severity of Injury | |||
| ASIA Motor Index Score* | |||
| C1–C4 ASIA A, B, C | 75 (19.7%) | 29 (31.2%) | 20 (35.7%) |
| C5–C8 ASIA A, B, C | 91 (23.9%) | 15 (16.1%) | 10 (17.9%) |
| T1–S5 ASIA A, B, C | 134 (35.2%) | 32 (34.3%) | 21 (37.5%) |
| All ASIA D | 81 (21.3%) | 17 (18.3%) | 5 (8.9%) |
| n=381 | n=93 | n=56 | |
| Mechanical ventilation at IRF* | |||
| Used | 101 (8.6%) | 51 (4.4%) | 20 (1.7%) |
| Not used | 717 (61.3%) | 177 (15.1%) | 99 (8.5%) |
| n=818 | n=228 | n=119 | |
| Mode of locomotion* | |||
| Walking | 144 (12.3%) | 20 (1.7%) | 7 (0.6%) |
| Wheelchair | 677 (57.9%) | 207 (17.7%) | 113 (9.7%) |
| n=821 | n=227 | n=120 | |
| Type of wheelchair* | |||
| Manual wheelchair | 362 (30.9%) | 83 (7.1%) | 51 (4.4%) |
| Power assist wheelchair/ scooter | 13 (1.1%) | 2 (0.2%) | 1 (0.1%) |
| Power wheelchair | 195 (16.7%) | 99 (8.5%) | 54 (4.6%) |
| N/A- no wheelchair use | 249 (21.3%) | 42 (3.6%) | 14 (1.2%) |
| n=819 | n=226 | n=120 | |
| Clinical Information | |||
| FIM Motor at admission* | 24.4 ± 11.3 | 22.1 ± 10.9 | 21.4 ± 10.0 |
| 22.0 (13.0-82.0) | 18.0 (13.0-62.0) | 17.0 (13.0-56.0) | |
| n=822 | n=228 | n=120 | |
| FIM Motor at discharge* | 55.0 ± 21.6 | 45.9 ± 22.8 | 42.1 ± 21.8 |
| 63.0 (13.0-89.0) | 40.0 (13.0-88.0) | 38.0 (13.0-80.0) | |
| n=822 | n=228 | n-120 | |
| FIM Motor 1 year follow-up* | 66.7 ± 25.2 | 52.0 ± 27.2 | 48.1 ± 26.7 |
| 79.0 (13.0-91.0) | 53.0 (13.0-91.0) | 45.0 (13.0-91.0) | |
| n=782 | n=217 | n=111 | |
| Traumatic etiology* | |||
| Vehicular | 412 (35.2%) | 117 (10.0%) | 69 (5.9%) |
| Sports | 103 (8.8%) | 22 (1.9%) | 10 (0.6%) |
| Violence | 81 (6.9%) | 19 (1.6%) | 15 (1.3%) |
| Fall | 191 (16.3%) | 62 (5.3%) | 22 (1.9%) |
| Medical/ other | 35 (2.1%) | 8 (0.7%) | 4 (0.3%) |
| n=822 | n=228 | n=120 | |
| Spinal surgery | |||
| Yes | 679 (58.2%) | 190 (16.3%) | 95 (8.1%) |
| No | 140 (12.0%) | 38 (3.2%) | 25 (2.1%) |
| n=819 | n=228 | n=120 | |
| Associated injuries | |||
| Yes | 333 (28.5%) | 106 (9.1%) | 63 (5.4%) |
| No | 487 (41.7%) | 121 (10.4%) | 57 (4.9%) |
| n=820 | n=227 | n=120 | |
| Number of days in IRF | 56.2 ± 36.0 | 58.7 ± 37.2 | 60.5 ± 45.2 |
| 46.0 (2.0-325.0) | 49.0 (2.0-254.0) | 45.0 (9.0-248.0) | |
| n=822 | n=228 | n=120 | |
| Number of days from injury to initial IRF admission* | 27.7 ± 25.4 | 36.4 ± 31.5 | 36.9 ± 31.8 |
| 20.0 (2.0-275.0) | 27.0 (3.0-219.0) | 31.0 (5.0-128.0) | |
| n=822 | n=227 | n=120 | |
| Total readmissions within 1 year of discharge | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 2.7 ± 1.3 |
| 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 1.0 (1.0-1.0) | 2.0 (2.0-9.0) | |
| n=822 | n=228 | n=120 | |
| Physical therapy total hours* | 59.0 ± 36.0 | 54.3 ± 34.7 | 50.0 ± 29.6 |
| 48.1 (1.5-187.2) | 44.5 (2.9-204.0) | 44.4 (6.2-142.7) | |
| n=822 | n=228 | n=120 | |
| Occupational therapy total hours | 53.7 ± 36.8 | 54.9 ± 35.5 | 51.8 ± 32.9 |
| 42.3 (1.8-246.5) | 44.5 (6.0-197.9) | 43.3 (7.5-190.7) | |
| n=822 | n=228 | n=120 | |
| Speech language pathology total hours* | 3.7 ± 9.1 | 4.5 ± 9.2 | 8.0 ± 20.5 |
| 0.0 (0.0-94.7) | 0.0 (0.0-59.2) | 0.8 (0.0-137.8) | |
| n=822 | n=228 | n=120 | |
| Therapeutic recreation total hours* | 19.8 ± 17.5 | 16.7 ± 13.2 | 15.7 ± 11.9 |
| 16.0 (0.0-124.9) | 15.1 (0.0-82.9) | 14.0 (0.0-54.4) | |
| n=822 | n=228 | n=120 | |
| Nursing total hours* | 33.8 ± 22.5 | 38.7 ± 24.0 | 38.7 ± 25.9 |
| 29.7 (1.5-225.4) | 35.8 (1.0-127.5) | 33.2 (3.8-156.6) | |
| n=822 | n=228 | n=120 | |
| Psychology total hours | 11.0 ± 10.2 | 10.9 ± 10.0 | 11.3 ± 10.9 |
| 8.0 (0.0-73.3) | 7.8 (0.0-80.6) | 8.0 (0.0-51.7) | |
| n=822 | n=228 | n=120 | |
| Social work total hours | 8.8 ± 9.6 | 9.4 ± 10.2 | 9.8 ± 13.7 |
| 5.8 (0.04-73.8) | 5.2 (0.27-51.4) | 5.4 (0.0-78.4) | |
| n=822 | n=228 | n=120 | |
| All disciplines total hours | 189.7 ± 105.2 | 189.4 ± 103.1 | 185.3 ± 109.0 |
| 166.0 (6.2-637.4) | 171.7 (15.8-639.5) | 157.2 (26.5-613.9) | |
| n=822 | n=228 | n=120 | |
| Hours of therapy per day at IRT | 3.6 ± 0.7 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 3.5 ± 0.8 |
| 3.5 (1.6-6.7) | 3.4 (1.4-6.5) | 3.4 (1.8-5.5) | |
| n=822 | n=228 | n=120 | |
| Psychosocial Factors | |||
| Depression* | |||
| Yes | 44 (4.1%) | 25 (2.3%) | 21 (2.0%) |
| No | 711 (66.3%) | 188 (17.5%) | 84 (7.8%) |
| n=755 | n=213 | n=105 | |
| Living arrangements | |||
| Lives alone | 430 (36.8%) | 109 (9.3%) | 73 (6.2%) |
| Lives with spouse/ significant other | 336 (28.7%) | 107 (9.2%) | 42 (3.6%) |
| Lives with unrelated roommate or attendant | 26 (2.2%) | 7 (0.6%) | 2 (0.2%) |
| n=792 | n=223 | n=117 | |
| Private place of residence | |||
| Yes | 758 (92.4%) | 197 (86.4%) | 105 (87.5%) |
| No | 62 (7.6%) | 31 (13.6%) | 15 (12.5%) |
| n=820 | n=228 | n=120 | |
| Accessible residence: within home | |||
| Yes | 760 (67.0%) | 209 (18.4%) | 105 (9.3%) |
| No | 41 (3.6%) | 13 (1.2%) | 7 (0.6%) |
| n=801 | n=222 | n=112 | |
| Accessible residence: enter/ exit* | |||
| Yes | 778 (68.5%) | 210 (18.5%) | 106 (9.3%) |
| No | 23 (2.0%) | 13 (1.1%) | 6 (0.5%) |
| n=801 | n=223 | n=112 | |
| Access to transportation* | |||
| Yes | 701 (61.4%) | 182 (16.0%) | 89 (7.8%) |
| No | 102 (8.9%) | 42 (3.7%) | 25 (2.2%) |
| n=803 | n=224 | n=114 | |
| Primary caregiver* | |||
| No one | 255 (22.7%) | 41 (3.6%) | 14 (1.2%) |
| Family/ significant other | 415 (36.2%) | 134 (11.7%) | 70 (6.1%) |
| Hired caregiver – private pay or state funded | 121 (10.6%) | 43 (3.8%) | 28 (2.5%) |
| n=791 | n=218 | n=112 | |
| Caregiver trained at rehab* | |||
| Yes | 407 (48.1%) | 121 (14.3%) | 68 (8.0%) |
| No | 150 (17.7%) | 66 (7.8%) | 35 (4.1%) |
| n=557 | n=187 | n=103 | |
| Primary insurance type | |||
| Medicare | 49 (4.0%) | 20 (1.7%) | 12 (1.0%) |
| Medicaid | 136 (11.6%) | 43 (3.7%) | 25 (2.1%) |
| Worker’s compensation | 83 (7.1%) | 20 (1.7%) | 14 (1.2%) |
| Private | 554 (47.4%) | 145 (12.4%) | 69 (5.9%) |
| n=822 | n=228 | n=120 | |
| Number of hours paid assistance per day | 2.9 ± 6.5 | 4.6 ± 7.5 | 6.4 ± 8.8 |
| 0.0 (0.0-24.0) | 0.0 (0.0-24.0) | 2.0 (0.0-24.0) | |
| n=794 | n=222 | n=117 | |
| Number of hours unpaid assistance per day | 3.5 ± 6.6 | 5.5 ± 8.2 | 5.2 ± 7.4 |
| 0.0 (0.0-24.0) | 1.0 (0.0-24.0) | 2.0 (0.0-24.0) | |
| n=794 | n=222 | n=117 | |
| Community participation* | |||
| Yes | 725 (65.5%) | 188 (17.0%) | 94 (8.5%) |
| No | 56 (5.1%) | 29 (2.6%) | 15 (1.4%) |
| n=781 | n=217 | n=109 | |
Chi square analysis was performed for categorical variables, and one-way ANOVA was performed for continuous variables.
*
p<0.05