Video 5. Sample reaches from a rat that received ‘during reach’ stimulation in alternating trial blocks demonstrating that kinematic changes induced by dopamine neuron stimulation are enduring.

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Reach 1 – at baseline, the rat extends its paw past the pellet to grasp it. Reach 2 – after several reaches with stimulation, the second digit extends just to the pellet, which is knocked off the pedestal. Reach 3 – after more reaches with stimulation, the reach comes far short of the pellet. Reach 4 – with stimulation off, reach kinematics return to baseline. Reach 5 – on the next reach, stimulation is reinstated and kinematics are markedly abnormal.