Table 1.

Summary of components of the eight Context-Mechanism-Outcome configurations (CMOcs).

CMOc No.	Context of intervention	Program strategy	Mechanism	Outcome	Program
1	Individuals with substance use disorder (SUD) No human involvement; self-help electronic cognitive behavioral therapy (eCBT)	The program focused on strengthening coping skills	Improvement in coping skills, strengthening of executive cognitive control, and reduction of attentional bias toward drug-related cues	Reduced cue-induced craving, resulting from a reduction of attentional bias Retention in treatment Drug use and abstinence	CBT4CBTa [20-23]
2	Individuals with SUD and possible cognitive impairment No human involvement; self-help eCBT	The program material was prepared for higher literacy levels and normal levels of cognitive functioning	Negative effect on self-efficacy and commitment to abstinence, specifically in people with cognitive impairment	Reduced retention in treatment Higher dropout rates	CBT4CBT [24,25]
3	Individuals with SUD accessing Breaking free Online (BFO) drug and alcohol treatment services across the United Kingdom No human involvement; self-help eCBT	The program provided tailored feedback on the level of impairment on each module	Recognition of problem areas	Increased use of modules that were highlighted red (ie, highest level of impairment)	BFO [26]
4	Individuals with SUD accessing BFO drug and alcohol treatment services across the United Kingdom No human involvement; self-help eCBT	Completion of a higher dose of modules was facilitated by the program	Dosage effect (ie, more intervention tasks completed will lead to improved outcomes)	Increased improvement in functioning	BFO [26]
5	Individuals with SUD accessing BFO drug and alcohol treatment services across the United Kingdom No human involvement; self-help eCBT	Participants were given cognitive restructuring training	Recognition of dysfunctional beliefs	Reduced severity of alcohol dependence	BFO [26]
6	Individuals with current comorbid depression and problematic alcohol and cannabis use Therapist clinician–assisted eCBT	The program was designed as a self-help intervention	Feelings of empowerment and possible enhancement in problem-solving skills	Increased client initiative and acceptability	SHADEb [27,28]
7	Veterans with cannabis use disorder and current sleep problems Therapist clinician–assisted eCBT	Participants were reminded to track behavior	Feelings of accountability	Increased adherence to tracking behavior	CBT-Ic Coach [29,30]
8	Veterans No human involvement; self-help eCBT	Users participated in focus groups and individual feedback sessions to inform development of the program	Relatability and relevance of content to target population (ie, veterans)	Improved likability, ease of use, and relevance of the program Increased engagement	CHMFd [31]

^aCBT4CBT: Computer-Based Training for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.

^bSHADE: Self-Help for Alcohol and Other Drug Use and Depression.

^cCBT-I: cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia.

^dCHMF: Coming Home and Moving Forward.