Table 1.
Distribution of 3172 adolescents with sleep difficulties overall and by technology and social media use, with corresponding odds ratios and 95% CIs for the full sample and sex-specific samples (Lombardy, 2014).
| Technology use | Total | Males | Females | |||||||||
| na | Difficulty falling asleep | n | Difficulty falling asleep | n | Difficulty falling asleep | |||||||
| n (%) | ORb (95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Electronic device use for general purposes | ||||||||||||
|
|
1st tertile (<0.9 hours/day) | 1010 | 292 (28.9) | 1.00c | 557 | 148 (26.6) | 1.00c | 453 | 144 (31.8) | 1.00c | ||
|
|
2nd tertile (0.9-2.1 hours/day) | 1018 | 332 (32.6) | 1.15 (0.94-1.42) | 544 | 134 (24.6) | 0.89 (0.66-1.19) | 474 | 198 (41.8) | 1.46 (1.08-1.97) | ||
|
|
3rd tertile (≥2.2 hours/day) | 1059 | 437 (41.3) | 1.50 (1.21-1.85) | 483 | 189 (39.1) | 1.74 (1.30-2.32) | 576 | 248 (43.1) | 1.30 (0.96-1.77) | ||
|
|
P value for trend | N/Ad | N/A | <.001 | N/A | N/A | <.001 | N/A | N/A | .09 | ||
| Electronic device use for playing games | ||||||||||||
|
|
1st tertile (<0.8 hours/day) | 1149 | 376 (32.7) | 1.00c | 406 | 109 (26.9) | 1.00c | 743 | 267 (35.9) | 1.00c | ||
|
|
2nd tertile (0.8-1.7 hours/day) | 853 | 286 (33.5) | 1.21 (0.98-1.49) | 519 | 149 (28.7) | 1.13 (0.83-1.55) | 334 | 137 (41.0) | 1.24 (0.93-1.67) | ||
|
|
3rd tertile (≥1.8 hours/day) | 1093 | 401 (36.7) | 1.35 (1.11-1.64) | 665 | 214 (32.2) | 1.25 (0.92-1.68) | 428 | 187 (43.7) | 1.46 (1.11-1.91) | ||
|
|
P value for trend | N/A | N/A | .003 | N/A | N/A | .15 | N/A | N/A | .007 | ||
| Use of social networking sites | ||||||||||||
|
|
Never/rarely | 701 | 224 (32.0) | 1.00c | 397 | 104 (26.2) | 1.00c | 304 | 120 (39.5) | 1.00c | ||
|
|
Often | 650 | 240 (36.9) | 1.16 (0.91-1.48) | 345 | 109 (31.6) | 1.30 (0.92-1.84) | 305 | 131 (43.0) | 1.04 (0.74-1.47) | ||
|
|
Always | 599 | 256 (42.7) | 1.40 (1.09-1.81) | 255 | 89 (34.9) | 1.69 (1.17-2.45) | 344 | 167 (48.6) | 1.23 (0.87-1.73) | ||
|
|
P value for trend | N/A | N/A | .008 | N/A | N/A | .005 | N/A | N/A | .25 | ||
| Use of YouTube | ||||||||||||
|
|
Never/rarely | 412 | 113 (27.4) | 1.00c | 209 | 44 (21.1) | 1.00c | 203 | 69 (34.0) | 1.00c | ||
|
|
Often | 854 | 312 (36.5) | 1.55 (1.18-2.04) | 434 | 127 (29.3) | 1.41 (0.94-2.13) | 420 | 185 (44.1) | 1.66 (1.14-2.42) | ||
|
|
Always | 683 | 294 (43.1) | 2.00 (1.50-2.66) | 354 | 130 (36.7) | 2.04 (1.35-3.10) | 329 | 164 (49.8) | 1.91 (1.29-2.84) | ||
|
|
P value for trend | N/A | N/A | <.001 | N/A | N/A | .001 | N/A | N/A | .001 | ||
aThe sum does not add up to the total because of some missing values and exclusion of age 11 for social media measures.
bOR: odds ratio. All ORs were estimated using unconditional multiple logistic regression models after adjustment for age and sex of the child, mothers’ and fathers’ highest level of education, tobacco and alcohol use among adolescents, and BMI.
cReference category.
dN/A: not applicable.