Table 1.

Gait initiation parameters of each age group in all experimental conditions

		BLK	UP	PT	F	p	η2p
Thrust duration (ms)	Y	237 ± 39	254 ± 35	335 ± 75a,b	13.46	0.002	0.599
	O	264 ± 44	240 ± 18	280 ± 56	2.13	0.155	0.192
Thrust amplitude (cm)	Y	4.2 ± 1.0	5.1 ± 1.6a	9.2 ± 2.7a,b	18.80	0.001	0.676
	O	3.3 ± 1.1	4.2 ± 1.0a	5.4 ± 1.8a,c	12.47	0.002	0.581
Preparatory duration (ms)	Y	515 ± 75	501 ± 77	580 ± 141	3.07	0.103	0.254
	O	550 ± 115	471 ± 45	487 ± 73	2.92	0.105	0.245
Vertical force (BW)	Y	0.66 ± 0.04	0.71 ± 0.08	0.85 ± 0.09a,c	20.44	0.000	0.694
	O	0.63 ± 0.08	0.70 ± 0.09a	0.74 ± 0.09a,c	23.26	0.000	0.721
Anteroposterior force (BW)	Y	0.05 ± 0.005	0.06 ± 0.006	0.08 ± 0.005a,b	28.05	0.000	0.757
	O	0.05 ± 0.01	0.06 ± 0.01	0.06 ± 0.009a	11.77	0.001	0.567
Mediolateral force (BW)	Y	0.07 ± 0.005	0.08 ± 0.005	0.11 ± 0.01a,b	16.43	0.002	0.646
	O	0.05 ± 0.003‡	0.06 ± 0.004a,c	0.07 ± 0.008a,c	9.09	0.010	0.502
Step duration (ms)	Y	366 ± 41	352 ± 53	212 ± 44a,b	52.65	0.000	0.854
	O	362 ± 50	329 ± 57*	187 ± 60a,b	59.13	0.000	0.868
Step length (cm)	Y	54.4 ± 6.0	52.5 ± 7.5	43.7 ± 9.5a	6.64	0.010	0.424
	O	47.3 ± 7.3‡	48.6 ± 10.9	32.3 ± 10.4a,b,c	23.82	0.000	0.726
Step width (cm)	Y	0.5 ± 2.7	0.6 ± 2.9	− 13.0 ± 6.4a,b	31.66	0.000	0.779
	O	− 1.1 ± 2.4	− 0.4 ± 1.6	− 12.4 ± 3.6a,b	91.33	0.000	0.910
Step height (cm)	Y	6.8 ± 1.4	6.9 ± 1.6	9.6 ± 1.8a,b	12.05	0.002	0.573
	O	7.0 ± 1.6	7.1 ± 1.7	7.7 ± 1.6 ‡	1.94	0.180	0.177
Step velocity (m/s)	Y	1.56 ± 0.18	1.53 ± 0.20	1.99 ± 0.38a,b	11.88	0.004	0.569
	O	1.41 ± 0.25	1.50 ± 0.24	1.72 ± 0.40	3.97	0.071	0.306

BLK blocked condition, UP unperturbed condition, PT perturbed condition Y young, O older

^aSignificantly different from BLK

^bSignificantly different from UP

^cSignificantly different from Young (between-group comparison, p < 0.05)