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. 2021 Feb 4;11:3054. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82549-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Channels Geometry and additive manufacturing technologies. In (A), (B) and (C) the designed geometries of the channels are shown, taking into consideration that the force is applied from upward direction. While (D–H) shows the principle of the most famous 3D printers; direct ink writing, fused deposition modeling, stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and inkjet printing. Finally, an illustration visualizing the parameters optimized is shown for (I) layer height, (J) line width and (K) printing temperature.