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. 2021 Feb 4;11:98. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01231-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Schematic of analytical pipeline used for cross-species analysis. Panels indicate: 1) Derivation of gene list using genes associated with nicotine exposure from various animal paradigms. 2) Multicomponent SNP-heritability analysis in UKBiobank smokers using mixed linear models. 3) Examination of gene-list overlap using Jaccard similarity and Fisher exact tests. 4) Multicomponent polygenic score analysis using GWAS-LOCO summary statistics in an independent sample.