Table 1.

Glycosylation of TGF-β signaling components

Regulated signaling components		Glycan motif	Glycan type	Enzyme activity	Gene name	References
TGF-β secretion complexes	LAP	Oligomannosidic	N-linked			(Miyazono and Heldin, 1989; Miyazono et al., 1992)
		Complex structure
	LTBP	N-glycans	N-linked			(Hubmacher and Reinhardt, 2009)
TGF-β receptors	TβRI/II	Oligomannosidic	N-linked			(Kim et al., 2012)
		Core fucose	N-linked	α1,6 fucosyltransferase 8	FUT8	(Wang et al., 2005; Lin et al., 2011)
		β1,6 branch	N-linked	N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V	MGAT5	(Partridge et al., 2004)
		GM3	glycolipid	α2,3 sialytransferase 5, GM3 synthase	ST3GAL5	(Kim et al., 2013)
	TβRII	Sialylation	Both N- and O- linked			(Lee et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2015)
	TβRI	Sialyl-LewisA	Both N- and O- linked	α1,4 fucosyltransferase 3	FUT3	(Hirakawa et al., 2014)
		Sialyl-LewisX	Both N- and O- linked	α1,4 fucosyltransferase 3, 6	FUT3, FUT6	(Hirakawa et al., 2014)
		LewisY	Both N- and O- linked	α1,2fucosyltransferase 4	FUT4	(Li et al., 2010)
TGF-β Co-receptors	betaglycan	Heparin/chondroitin sulfate	HS/CS GAG			(Lopez-Casillas et al., 1991; Jenkins et al., 2018)
	Endoglin	N-glycans	N-linked			(Lux et al., 2000; Meurer et al., 2019)
	Neuropilin	N-glycans	N-linked			(Pellet-Many et al., 2008; Wu et al., 2017)
	SMAD2	O-glycans	O-linked			(Gotoh et al., 2020)