Fig. 3.

Induced differentiation of AFSCs. A Osteogenic differentiation: mineralization is visualized using Alizarin red S solution after 21 days culture in osteogenic medium. B Chondrogenic differentiation: cartilage matrix is stained with Safranin O solution after 21 days culture in chondrogenic medium. C Adipogenic differentiation: oil droplets are stained using the Oil Red O solution after 14 days of culture in an adipogenic medium. The isolated AFSCs have stem cell properties for osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiation. The viability of AFSCs D without CTS and E with CTS on the scaffolds by MTS assays. CTS did not affect the cell viability. Data are presented as mean (n = 3) ± SD. *, p < 0.05