Normal chest wall. A Intensity OCT image, B PS-OCT image, 1-5 are selected A-lines for phase retardation analysis (1-5: normal), C pathology, and D phase retardation accumulation graph. There is no damaged thin pleura, and a uniform pattern of birefringence in muscles was seen clearly. It was re-confirmed by pathology. The phase retardation of 1–5 were similar to each other