Fig. 5.

Anti-inflammatory effects of SEVs on infected SW-982. Real-Time PCR results showed that stimulation of SW-982 with or without IL-1β and TNF-α successfully induced inflammation. After SEVs treatment in an in vitro early stage OA model, mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-1, and COX-2 decreased significantly. Data are presented as the mean ± SD from three independent experiments. (*,^#p < 0.05 and **,^##p < 0.01, versus untreated control (*) or inflammatory cytokines treated (#) by one-way ANOVA)