Fig. 1.

EVs can facilitate antiviral immune responses. The exosome cargo consists of biomolecules including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and metabolites. Each of these are either on the cell membrane or in an intravesicular compartment. Exosomes can interact with the immune cells, such as T-cells, NK-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, to modulate antiviral immune responses including against SARS-CoV-2. Exosomes can also exert “killing” effects on infected cells as well as delivery of viral pathogen-derived antigens. Exosomes, through loading therapeutic cargo, can be used for deployment of vaccines or therapeutic agents to generate robust antiviral immunity