Fig. 2.

Approaches to use EVs for the treatment of COVID-19. MSCs induce immunoprotective and regenerative effects through EVs secretion. Therefore, EVs isolated from different source MSCs can directly affect the SARS-CoV-2. EVs also serve as natural carrier allow encapsulation of nucleic acids or small drug molecules for targeted delivery. Platelets were believed to induce exclusively proinflammatory responses. However, recent studies identified that EVs secreted from platelets exclusively exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects with ability to target inflammatory site. Convalescent plasma induced protective effects are attributed to neutralizing antibodies, growth factors and partially through their EVs. All these approaches can be used to target SARS-CoV-2 inflammatory sites and contain COVID-19