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. 2021 Feb 4;11:3052. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81868-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Forest plot of mean cumulative mortality of commercial layer flocks (2000–2020). Cumulative mortality at 60 weeks in different commercially managed indoor systems: conventional cages (CC), furnished cages (FC), single-tier (ST) and multi-tier (MT) aviaries, ordered by the mid-year of data collection. Each square represents individual estimates from each data source. Square sizes represent the weight derived from the meta-analysis (see Methods). Pooled estimates (weighted averages) are represented by diamonds.