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. 2021 Feb 5;137:111363. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111363

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© 2021 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Fig. 3 — Ang 1–9 functions in human organs. ACE2 converts Ang1 to the Ang 1–9 and the latter acts through its receptor (AT2R). SARS-CoV-2 downregulates the expression of ACE2 which ultimately reduces the concentration of Ang 1–9. The decrease in the concentration of Ang 1–9 results in the loss of its beneficial functions in several organs in patients with COVID-19 (Created in BioRender.com). ACE2: angiotensin converting enzyme2, Ang I: Angiotensin I, Ang 1–9: Angiotensin 1–9, AT₂R; Angiotensin II receptor type 2, MI: myocardial infarction, vWF: von Willebrand factor, α-SMA: α-smooth muscle actin.