. 2021 Feb 4;17:68. doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-02773-5

Table 3.

The effect of the inclusion of safflower oil and vitamin C in the broiler chicken diet on the intestine’s morphometric measures

Item	Vitamin C level (mg/kg diet)		Safflower oil level (gm/kg diet)			Vitamin C × Safflower oil						SEM	P-value
Item	0	400	0	5	10	0Vit.C+ 0Saff. Oil	0Vit.C + 5 Saff. Oil	0Vit.C+ 10 Saff. Oil	400Vit.C+ 0Saff. Oil	400Vit.C+ 5 Saff. Oil	400Vit.C+ 10Saff. Oil		Vit. C	Saff. oil	Vit. C x Saff. oil
Duodenum
Villous height	1062.06	1153.6	777.17^b	1314.63^a	1231.77^a	749.15^b	1461.17^a	975.87^b	889.01^b	1149.3^ab	1487.6^a	80.75	0.52	< 0.01	< 0.01
Villous width	176.40	134.42	85.84	181.84	198.56	15.09^b	260.98a	253.14^a	140.30^ab	111.89^ab	143.97^ab	26.19	0.36	0.08	< 0.01
Crypt depth	286.02	241.77	98.61^b	482.31^a	210.76^b	33.64^d	616.55^a	207.86^c	189.42^cd	366.49^b	213.66^bc	45.77	0.58	0.00	< 0.01
VH/CD	10.12	5.09	13.90^a	2.94^b	5.97^b	22.91^a	2.44^c	5.01^ab	4.89^ab	3.44^ab	6.93^b	1.72	0.09	< 0.01	< 0.01
Mucosal depth	152.98^b	182.71^a	92.55^b	236.44^a	174.56^ab	21.52^e	301.97^a	135.46^d	163.34^cd	173.75^c	213.66^b	20.48	0.41	< 0.01	< 0.01
GCC	121.42^a	15.33^b	20.13b	25.13^b	159.88^a	11.75^b	140.75^b	311.75^a	25.60^b	8.00^b	8.00^b	27.22	0.02	0.01	< 0.01
IELI	46.75^a	22.00^b	15.25	49.25	38.63	9.00^b	77.50^a	53.75^ab	19.20^b	24.67^b	23.50^ab	7.59	0.05	0.09	< 0.01
Jejunum
Villous height	880.92	865.20	895.05	843.87	880.27	840.36	797.62	1004.79	937.34	890.90	755.76	38.96	0.82	0.82	0.28
Villous width	167.13	128.81	57.75^b	214.22^a	171.94^a	10.16^c	282.80^a	208.44^ab	103.01^bc	162.95^b	135.45^b	22.71	0.34	< 0.01	< 0.01
Crypt depth	198.27	214.03	117.52^b	259.83^a	241.09^a	23.71^b	311.45^a	259.65^a	197.82^a	246.38^a	222.53^a	26.00	0.73	0.01	< 0.01
VH/CD	14.98^a	4.29^b	20.95^a	3.81^b	4.15^b	37.46^a	2.58^b	4.89^b	4.43^b	5.05^b	3.40^b	3.13	0.04	< 0.01	< 0.01
Mucosal depth	163.05^b	189.99^a	115.49	207.62	206.45	19.63^d	279.15^a	190.37^bc	187.82^ab	150.21^c	202.53^ab	20.89	0.46	0.05	< 0.01
GCC	220.25^a	11.08^b	107.38	115.75	123.88	204.50^a	221.25^a	235.00^a	9.00^b	12.33^b	12.75^b	29.32	0.00	0.96	< 0.01
IELI	82.75^a	22.33^b	23.75	65.63	68.25	17.00^b	109.00^a	122.25^a	32.40^b	16.33^b	14.25^b	11.40	0.001	0.11	< 0.01
Ileum
Villous height	629.71	691.81	500.30^c	651.94^b	830.04^a	436.86^c	625.73^abc	826.55^a	578.01^bc	692.5^ab	833.52^a	39.06	0.37	0.00	< 0.01
Villous width	187.66	176.16	111.90b	207.60ab	226.22a	20.44c	226.46^ab	316.08^a	188.99^b	207.83^b	136.37^b	23.50	0.78	0.04	< 0.01
Crypt depth	110.09^b	179.74^a	94.61^b	166.83^a	173.30^a	33.82^c	127.34^b	169.10^b	175.32^ab	190.10^a	177.5^ab	14.40	< 0.01	0.01	< 0.01
VH/CD	7.68^a	4.02^b	8.38^a	4.32^b	4.84^b	12.95^a	5.19^b	4.89^b	3.82^b	3.44^b	4.80^b	0.86	0.01	0.04	< 0.01
Mucosal depth	152.91	159.03	94.55^b	179.00^a	194.37^a	33.69^b	213.80^a	211.25^a	149.55^a	150.21^a	177.50^a	16.89	0.84	< 0.01	< 0.01
GCC	219.33	158.92	127.00^b	336.50^a	103.88^b	245.50^ab	375.25^a	37.25^bc	87.00^c	263.33^a	170.5^abc	38.18	0.37	< 0.01	0.01
IELI	79.58	253.58	363.25	93.63	42.88	7.25^b	160.00^b	71.50^b	578.20^a	31.67^b	14.25^b	50.15	0.16	0.20	0.01

^{a, b, c} Means within the same row carrying different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05). VH/CD villous height/crypt depth ratio, GCC Goblet cells count, IELI Intra-epithelium lymphocytic lick cell infiltrations