Table 2.
Multivariable multilevel logistic regression models on individual and contextual factors associated with circumcision among women aged 15–49 in Chad
| Variables | Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR [95% CI] | aOR [95% CI] | aOR [95% CI] | ||
| Individual level factors | ||||
| Mother’s education | ||||
| No education | Ref | Ref | ||
| Primary | 0.79[0.60–1.04] | 0.81[0.61–1.07] | ||
| Secondary/Higher | 0.44***[0.28–0.68] | 0.45***[0.29–0.71] | ||
| Partner’s education | ||||
| No education | Ref | Ref | ||
| Primary | 0.95[0.71–1.29] | 0.99[0.73–1.34] | ||
| Secondary/Higher | 0.82[0.60–1.13] | 0.85[0.62–1.16] | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | Ref | Ref | ||
| Cohabiting | 1.00[0.68–1.48] | 1.00[0.68–1.48] | ||
| Employment status | ||||
| Not working | 0.80*[0.64–0.99] | 0.79*[0.64–0.99] | ||
| Working | Ref | Ref | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Sara | Ref | Ref | ||
| Gorane | 0.005***[0.002–0.011] | 0.005***[0.002–0.010] | ||
| Arab | 1.13[0.60–2.12] | 1.08[0.58–2.03] | ||
| Ouaadai/maba/massalit/mimi | 0.81[0.40–1.62] | 0.74[0.37–1.49] | ||
| Kenemu-Borno | 0.012***[0.001–0.025] | 0.011***[0.005–0.023] | ||
| Boulala/medego/kouka | 0.17***[0.08–0.36] | 0.17***[0.08–0.36] | ||
| Other | 0.13***[0.06–0.17] | 0.12***[0.07–0.20] | ||
| Religion | ||||
| Christianity | 0.10***[0.06–0.17] | 0.12***[0.07–0.19] | ||
| Islam | Ref | Ref | ||
| Other | 0.09***[0.03–0.21] | 0.10***[0.04–0.24] | ||
| Frequency of reading newspaper/magazine | ||||
| Not at all | Ref | Ref | ||
| Less than once a week/at least once a week | 0.98[0.61–1.58] | 0.95[0.59–1.54] | ||
| Frequency of listening to radio | ||||
| Not at all | Ref | Ref | ||
| Less than once a week/at least once a week | 0.95[0.72–1.25] | 0.98[0.74–1.29] | ||
| Frequency of watching television | ||||
| Not at all | Ref | Ref | ||
| Less than once a week/at least once a week | 1.28[0.88–1.84] | 1.34[0.93–1.94] | ||
| Wealth quintile | ||||
| Poorest | Ref | Ref | ||
| Poorer | 0.75[0.56–1.02] | 0.75[0.56–1.02] | ||
| Middle | 0.73[0.53–1.01] | 0.73[0.53–1.01] | ||
| Richer | 0.67*[0.47–0.94] | 0.68*[0.48–0.96] | ||
| Richest | 0.65[0.40–1.05] | 0.88[0.51–1.52] | ||
| Contextual factors | ||||
| Community literacy level | ||||
| Low | Ref | Ref | ||
| Medium | 0.25***[0.12–0.54] | 0.42**[0.22–0.80] | ||
| High | 0.09***[0.04–0.19] | 0.27**[0.13–0.54] | ||
| Community socio-economic status | ||||
| Low | Ref | Ref | ||
| Medium | 0.83[0.21–3.33] | 0.86[0.55–1.34] | ||
| High | 1.26[0.60–2.65] | 0.97[0.48–1.94] | ||
| Random effect result | ||||
| PSU variance (95% CI) | 19.6 (15.0–25.5) | 8.1 (6.5–10.1) | 18.4 (14.2–23.7) | 7.99 (6.41–9.95) |
| ICC | 85.6% | 71.2% | 84.8% | 70.8% |
| LR Test | χ2 = 3915.41, p < 0.001 | χ2 = 1815.97, p < 0.001 | χ2 = 3742.84, p < 0.001 | χ2 = 1801.56, p < 0.001 |
| Wald χ2 | Reference | 491.58*** | 46.41** | 509.50*** |
| Model fitness | ||||
| Log-likelihood | − 2432.46 | − 2149.31 | − 2420.83 | − 2141.16 |
| AIC | 4868.93 | 4344.62 | 4853.66 | 4336.32 |
| N | 6334 | 6334 | 6334 | 6334 |
Source: 2014–2015 Chad Demographic and Health Survey
Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in brackets
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
N Sample size, Ref Reference category, PSU Primary Sampling Unit; ICC Intra-Class Correlation, LR Test Likelihood ratio Test, AIC Akaike’s Information Criterion