Table 3.

Multivariable multilevel logistic regression models on individual and contextual factors associated with circumcision among girls aged 0–14 in Chad

Variables	Model 0	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
		aOR [95% CI]	aOR [95% CI]	aOR [95% CI]
Individual level factors
Age
15–24		Ref		Ref
25–34		15.30*** [10.26–22.80]		15.29*** [10.25–22.79]
35 years and above		31.64*** (21.02–47.65]		31.72*** [21.07–47.77]
Mother’s education
No education		Ref		Ref
Primary		0.94[0.65–1.35]		0.93[0.65–1.35]
Secondary/Higher		0.74[0.32–1.71]		0.76[0.32–1.77]
Partner’s education
No education		Ref		Ref
Primary		0.91[0.64–1.28]		0.92[0.65–1.29]
Secondary/Higher		0.39***[0.24–0.62]		0.39***[0.25–0.63]
Marital status
Married		Ref		Ref
Cohabiting		0.63[0.36–1.11]		0.63[0.36–1.11]
Employment status
Not working		0.77*[0.63–0.94]		0.77*[0.63–0.95]
Working		Ref		Ref
Ethnicity
Sara		Ref		Ref
Gorane		1.38[0.49–3.93]		1.41[0.49–4.01]
Arab		1.90[0.96–3.78]		1.96[0.98–3.92]
Ouaadai/maba/massalit/mimi		2.51**[1.25–5.06]		2.57**[1.27–5.22]
Kenemu-Borno		1.35[0.48–3.74]		1.42[0.50–3.98]
Boulala/medego/kouka		1.67[0.76–3.70]		1.73[0.78–3.84]
Other		1.97*[1.03–3.78]		2.05*[1.06–3.95]
Religion
Christianity		0.49*[0.26–0.92]		0.51*[0.26–0.98]
Islam		Ref		Ref
Other		0.35[0.10–1.22]		0.36[0.10–1.23]
Frequency of reading newspaper/magazine
Not at all		Ref		Ref
Less than once a week/at least once a week		0.60[0.23–1.56]		0.62[0.23–1.62]
Frequency of listening to radio
Not at all		Ref		Ref
Less than once a week/at least once a week		1.08[0.80–1.45]		1.10[0.82–1.49]
Frequency of watching television
Not at all		Ref		Ref
Less than once a week/at least once a week		1.01[0.65–1.57]		1.04[0.67–1.62]
Respondent circumcised
No		0.01*** [0.005–0.018]		0.01*** [0.005–0.018]
Yes		Ref		Ref
Wealth quintile
Poorest		Ref		Ref
Poorer		0.98[0.74–1.29]		0.97[0.73–1.28]
Middle		1.11[0.84–1.48]		1.10[0.83–1.47]
Richer		1.12[0.84–1.52]		1.15[0.85–1.56]
Richest		0.73[0.49–1.08]		0.97[0.56–1.68]
Contextual factors
Residence
Urban			2.17*[1.19–3.93]	Ref
Rural			Ref	0.83[0.51–1.33]
Community literacy level
Low			Ref	Ref
Medium			0.37***[0.25–0.55]	1.06[0.78–1.45]
High			0.15***[0.09–0.26]	0.79[0.50–1.25]
Community socio-economic status
Low			Ref	Ref
Medium			0.50*[0.27–0..91]	0.86[0.55–1.34]
High			0.75[0.42–1.35]	0.99[0.62–1.58]
Random effect result
PSU variance (95% CI)	2.78 (2.17–3.56)	0.28 (0.15–0.50)	2.19 (1.70–2.83)	0.27 (0.15–0.50)
ICC	45.8%	7.8%	40.0%	7.6%
LR Test	χ2 = 584.12, p < 0.001	χ2 = 20.09, p < 0.001	χ2 = 443.51, p < 0.001	χ2 = 19.80, p < 0.001
Wald χ2	Reference	617.20***	71.91**	617.82***
Model fitness
Log-likelihood	− 2287.89	− 1539.47	− 2250.53	−1537.37
AIC	4579.79	3130.94	4515.06	3136.74
N	6334	6334	6334	6334

Source: 2014–2015 Chad Demographic and Health Survey

Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in brackets

^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^*** p < 0.001

N Sample size, Ref Reference category, PSU Primary Sampling Unit, ICC Intra-Class Correlation, LR Test Likelihood ratio Test, AIC Akaike’s Information Criterion