Table 6.
General characteristics of the studies included (Exercise characteristics as anaerobic-based)
| References | Study Design | Population characteristics | Intervention | Supplement situation | Experimental design | Physiological Results | Performance results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [33] | Randomized double-blind crossover |
12 M: elite BMX cyclists, age: 19.2 ± 3.4 y, height: 174.2 ± 5.3 cm and BM: 72.4 ± 8.4 kg |
0.3 g•kg− 1 BM of NaHCO3 or 0.045 g•kg−1 BM of NaCI (PLA) | Ingested 90 min before the trial in gelatin capsules once | 3 races of BMX (track length of 400 m) with 15 min interval | ↑HCO3−, ↑pH and ↑BE vs. PLA, (12.95 ± 1.3, 7.2 ± 0.05 and − 12.66 ± 3.13 vs. 11.45 ± 1.3, 7.14 ± 0.05 and − 16.27 ± 3.18), =BLa, =HR, =RPE, =VO2, =VCO2 and = VE vs. PLA | =Time, = Velocity peak (VP) and = Time to VP vs. PLA |
| [29] | Double-blind counterbalanced crossover | 18 M: rugby, judo (n = 2) and jiu-jitsu (n = 5), age: 26 ± 5 y; BM: 88.8 ± 6.8 kg; height: 1.78 ± 0.07 m; |
500 mg/kg BM of CL or NaHCO3 or CACO3 (PLA) Divided into four individual doses of 125 mg/kg BM |
Last one within 4 h before trial, ingested in gelatin capsules for 5 consecutive days | 4 bouts of the upper body WAnT with 3 min interval | =HCO3−, =pH, =BE, =BLa vs. other conditions |
↑ TWM (2.9%) and ↑ 3rd + 4th of Wingate (5.9%) vs. CL and PLA =1st + 2nd of Wingate |
| [39] | Randomized crossover | 10 M: age: 22 ± 4 y, height: 1.77 ± 0.06 m, BM: 76 ± 9 kg. |
0.5 g•kg− 1 BM of NaHCO3 or 0.2 g•kg− 1 BM of NaCI (PLA) Divided into 3 doses |
Each dose at 4 h interval on experimental day, ingested as NR once | 2 WAnT with 5 min interval | ↑HCO3−,↑pH and ↑BE vs. PLA (12.7 ± 1.3, 7.22 ± 0.04 and − 13.7 ± 1.8 vs. 9.5 ± 1.7, 7.15 ± 0.05 and − 17.8 ± 2.1), =BLa vs PLA |
↑ Work completed (5 ± 4%) vs. PLA, = Rate of fatigue vs. PLA =PP (↓PLA, −8 ± 8%) |
| [28] | Randomized double-blind crossover | 13 M: elite swimmers, age: 20.5 ± 1.4 y, BM: 80.1 ± 8.1 kg, height: 188 ± 8 cm | 0.3 g•kg− 1 BM of NaHCO3 or CACO3 (PLA) | Ingested 60 min before the trial in gelatin capsules once | Two 100 m freestyle sprints with 12 min interval | ↑HCO3−, ↑pH and ↑BE vs. PLA (10.61 ± 3.43, 7.15 ± 0.05 and − 18.68 ± 2.91 vs. 7.77 ± 2.41, 7.05 ± 0.06 and − 22.78 ± 2.21), =BLa vs. PLA | = 1st 100 m swim vs. PLA, ↓ Time of 2nd 100 m swim vs. PLA (1.5 s) |
| [40] a | Randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced |
12 M: resistance-trained participants (age: 20.3 ± 2 y, BM:88.3 ± 13.2 kg, height:1.80 ± 0.07 m) |
0.3 g•kg− 1 BM of NaHCO3 or CACO3 (PLA) Divided into 4 equal doses |
Each dose consumed at 10 min intervals, 1st dose at 80 min before the trial, ingested in gelatin capsules once |
4 sets of SQ, LP and KE with 120 s interval, 10-12RM per set with 90s interval |
↑HCO3−, ↑pH, ↑BE and ↑BLa vs. PLA (17.86 ± 3.63, 7.35 ± 0.04, − 7.67 ± 4.16 and 17.16 ± 2.09 vs. 14.19 ± 2.62, 7.09 ± 0.03, − 11.5 ± 3.2 and 12.49 ± 2.45) | ↑ Total volume (SQ + LP + KE + PT) vs. PLA (163.7 ± 15.1 vs. 156.7 ± 14.5) |
| [41] | Double-blind, counterbalanced |
21 M, age: 25 ± 5 y, BM: 80.7 ± 10.6 kg, height: 1.79 ± 0.06 m |
0.3 g•kg− 1 of BM NaHCO3 or maltodextrin (PLA) | Ingested 0.2 g•kg− 1 BM alongside the breakfast, 0.1 g•kg− 1 BM 2 h before the trial in gelatin capsules once | A habituation trial of the cycle-capacity test to exhaustion at 110% of Wmax | ↑HCO3−, ↑pH, ↑BE and ↑BLa vs. PLA (15.26 ± 2.78, 7.28 ± 0.05, − 9.6 ± 3.38 and 14.5 ± 2.9 vs. 12.82 ± 2.1, 7.23 ± 0.06, − 12.69 ± 2.8 and 12.4 ± 2) | =TWD, except participants who have GI ↑TWD vs. PLA (48.4 ± 9.3 vs. 46.9 ± 9.2) |
| [42]a | Randomized double-blind counterbalanced crossover |
20 rowers: age: 23 ± 4 y, height: 1.85 ± 0.08 m, BM: 82.5 ± 8.9 kg, |
0.3 g•kg− 1 BM of NaHCO3 or maltodextrin (PLA) | Ingested 0.2 g•kg− 1 BM 4 h before and 0.1 g•kg− 1 BM 2 h before the trial as NR once | 2000 m rowing-ergometer TTs | ↑HCO3−, ↑pH, ↑BE and ↑BLa vs. PLA (10.56 ± 1.75, 7.18 ± 0.06, − 15.56 ± 2.69 and 16,5 ± 0.9 vs. 9.1 ± 1.71, 7.12 ± 0.07, − 18.13 ± 2.77 and 14.1 ± 0.9) | = Time of 1st and 2nd 500 m, ↓ Time of 3rd and 4th 500 m (0.5 ± 1.2 s and 1.1 ± 1.7 s) |
| [43] | Randomized, single-blind, counterbalanced |
14 swimmers (6 M, hight:181.2 ± 7.2 cm; BM: 80.3 ± 11.9 kg, 8F, height: 168.8 ± 5.6 cm; BM: 75.3 ± 10.1 kg) |
0.3 g•kg− 1 BM of NaHCO3 or 0.045 g•kg− 1 BM of NaCI (PLA) | Ingested 2.5 h before the trial as NR once | Completed 8x25m front crawl maximal effort sprints with 5 s interval | ↑HCO3−, ↑pH, ↑BE and ↑BLa vs. PLA (16 ± 0.05, 7.26 ± 0.01, − 11.1 ± 0.08 and 17.69 ± 1.06 vs. 13.8 ± 0.6, 7.2 ± 0.02, − 14.6 ± 1.1 and 14.62 ± 1.25), ↓K+ vs PLA (3.8 ± 0.1 vs. 4.4 ± 0.1), =NA+ | ↓Total swim time (2%) vs. PLA |
| [32] | Randomized, double-blind, counterbalance crossover | 10 elite BMX riders, age: 20.7 ± 1.4 y, height: 178.3 ± 2.1 cm and BM: 77.9 ± 2.1 kg, | 0.3 g•kg− 1 BM of NaHCO3 or placebo (PLA) | Ingested 90 min before the trial in gelatin capsules once | 3x30s Wingate tests with 15 min interval | ↑HCO3−, ↑pH and ↑BE vs. PLA (10.17 ± 1.77, 7.22 ± 0.09 and 16.57 ± 3.51 vs. 6.88 ± 2.78, 7.09 ± 0.03 and − 22.49 ± 1.39), =BLa vs. PLA | =PP, = Time to PP, =Mean power, =Fatigue index vs. PLA |
| [31] | Randomized double-blind counterbalanced |
11 trained cyclists (10 M and 1F), age: 24.5 ± 2.8 y, height: 1.78 ± 2.7 m and BM: 73.2 ± 3.8 kg |
0.3 g•kg− 1 BM of NaHCO3 or 0.2 g•kg− 1 BM of CaCO3 (PLA) | Ingested 90 min before the trial in gelatin capsules once | 70s supramaximal exercise | ↑HCO3−, ↑pH and ↑BE vs. PLA (19.53 ± 3.98, 7.3 ± 0.03 and − 6.15 ± 3.91 vs. 15.12 ± 3.15, 7.21 ± 0.07 and − 12.67 ± 3.81), =BLa, =VO2, =VCO2, =VE, =PO2, ↑PCO2 vs. PLA (42 ± 2.99 vs. 38.9 ± 3.65) | ↑P50 and ↑Ptot vs. PLA (469.6 ± 28.6 and 564.5 ± 29.5 vs. 448.2 ± 7.7 and 549.5 ± 29.1), =P20 and = Fatigue index vs. PLA |
| [44] | Randomized double-blind crossover | 11 M trained cyclists, age: 32 ± 7.2 y; BM: 77.0 ± 9.2 kg | 0.3 g•kg− 1 BM of NaHCO3 or 0.21 g•kg− 1 BM of NaCI (PLA) | Ingested 70-40 min before trial (depending on individual time to peak pH) as NR once | 3 min all-out critical power test | =HCO3−, =H+, =BLa, =PO2 and = PCO2 vs. PLA |
↑TWD (5.5%) and ↑W′ (14%) vs. PLA, =CP vs. PLA |
“a” means the energy metabolism mixed aerobic and anaerobic in this experimental trial, the ratio of aerobic and anaerobic almost half and half, and the physiological results relevant with anaerobic-based, so classified into anaerobic-based exercise
Notes for Tables 5 and 6: All variables of physiological results are mainly reflected in the change of the end point value (i.e., The influence after the last exercise if it has two or more bouts)
Abbreviations for Tables 5 and 6:
Supplements: NaHCO3: sodium bicarbonate, NaCI: sodium chloride, CI: calcium lactate, CaCO3: calcium carbonate, NaAc: trihydrate, NH4CI: ammonium chloride, PLA: placebo
Physiological abbreviations: M: male, F: female, BM: body mass, BLa: blood lactate, BE: base excess, ABE: actual base excess, HR: heart rate, RPE: rate of perceived exertion, VO2: oxygen uptake, VCO2: carbon dioxide production, VE: pulmonary ventilation, RER: respiratory exchange rate, FFA: free fatty acid, CHO: carbohydrate, PO2: oxygen partial pressure, PCO2: carbon dioxide partial pressure
Performance abbreviations: TWM: total mechanical work, PP: peak power, PO: power output, CP: curtail power, SQ: back squats, LP: inclined leg presses, KE: knee extensions, PT: performance test, WAnT: Wingate Anaerobic Test, TWD: total work done, TTE: time to exhaustion, FHST: Field hockey skill test, LIST: Loughborough intermittent shuttle test, P20: power output during 1st 20s, P50: power output during last 50s, Ptot: total power output
Others: NR: not recorded, BMX: bicycle motocross, w’: curvature constant, IAT: individual anaerobic threshold, ↑: Significantly higher, ↓: Significantly lower, =: no significant difference