Table 1.

Collagen-based scaffolds for skin regeneration application.

Biomaterial	Fabrication method	Cell(s)	Performance	Ref.
Collagen	Freeze-drying + DHTa) crosslinking	Acellular	Wound contraction is disrupted in the favor of skin regeneration	[69]
Collagen	Electrospinning + GA vapor crosslinking	NHOK, NHEK	Cell attachment is not sufficient unless ECM proteins added to the scaffold	[94]
Collagen	Freeze-drying vs electrospinning (DHT + EDC crosslinking)	HDF, HEK	Electrospun scaffold led to less wound contraction	[58]
Matriderm (collagen + elastin)	LaBP (Laser-assisted bioprinting)	NIH-3T3 and HaCaT keratinocytes	Multilayered epidermis formation with angiogenesis from wound bed and edges	[59]
Collagen–C6S	Freeze-drying + DHT crosslinking	HDF, HEK	Formation of a mature epidermis and a nearly physiological dermis without hair follicles with delayed wound contraction compared with acellular scaffold	[23]
Collagen–C6S	Freeze-drying + DHT crosslinking + a laminated layer	HEK	HEK were restricted to the outer layer of the substitute	[70]
Collagen–C6S	Freeze-drying + chemical crosslinking	HDF, HEK	Improved degradation and wound contraction	[73]
Collagen–HA	freeze-drying + EDC crosslinking	HDF	Improved HDF attachment in vitro with no effect on wound contraction in vivo	[74]
Collagen–gelatin	SCPL + Freeze-drying	DF	Improved DF infiltration and reduced inflammatory response	[103]
Collagen–elastin	elastin hydrolysate-coated collagen scaffold	Autologous dermal fibroblasts	Lower degradation rate and reduced migration and/or proliferation of subcutaneous fibroblasts in the wound tissue compared with acellular scaffold	[78]
Collagen–elastin	Commercial collagen–elastin membrane	Keratinocyte	Promoted dermal vascularization and basement membrane formation	[79]
Collagen–chitosan	Freeze-drying	HDF, HEK	Promoted rapid remodeling of ECM nearly similar to normal dermis as well as organization of elastin deposits in thin fibrils after 90 d	[85,80]
Collagen–chitosan	Freeze-drying	HDF, HEK, HUVEC	Capillary-like structures were formed without addition of external angiogenesis promoting agents	[90]
Collagen–chitosan	Freeze-drying	HDF, HEK	Nerve fibers were observed four months after transplantation	[91]
Collagen–chitosan-laminin	Freeze-drying	HDF, HEK	Enhanced sensory perception recovery	[92]
Collagen–chitosan	Freeze-drying + GA crosslinking	HDF	Chitosan reduced biodegradation of the scaffold	[93]
Chitosan–collagen	Freeze-drying	HDF	Improved HDF proliferation and decreased contraction	[89]

^a)DHT crosslinking: dehydrothermal crosslinking, C6S: chondroitin 6-sulfate, HDF: human dermal fibroblast, HEK: human epidermal keratinocyte, SCPL: solvent casting-particulate leaching, DF: dermal fibroblast, GA: glutaraldehyde, HA: Hyaluronic acid, BM-MSCs: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, NHOK: Normal human oral keratinocytes, NHEK: Normal human epidermal keratinocytes, LaBP: Laser-assisted bioprinting, HaCaT cells: human keratinocyte cell line.