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. 2021 Jan 18;8:616845. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.616845

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Copyright © 2021 Shi, Zhou, Li, Liu and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Biological response of osteoblasts to Ti-6Al-4V FGM mesh arrays with permission from Nune et al. (2017): (A) micrograph of gradient mesh structure with 2-D CAD design of a gradient mesh structure with unit cells ranging from G1 to G3, (B) CAD models of G1 to G3 unit cells with 36, 30, and 23 angles of α with respective pore sizes of ~600, 400, and 200 μm, (C) normalized expression level of proteins (actin, vinculin, and fibronectin) histogram, (D) cell proliferation histogram, (E) scanning electron micrographs of gradient cellular structure, and (F) high magnification fluorescence micrographs illustrating the distribution of extracellular fibronectin (green), DAPI stained nucleus (blue) on pre-osteoblasts seeded on FGMs with pore size ranging from ~600 to ~200 μm after 14 days of culture. *The significant difference with 95% confidence level (p < 0.05).