Table 6.

Poisson model of self-reported non-compliance with social distancing

	Coeff.	Std error	P value	95% CI
Constant	0.26	0.31	0.39	− 0.35	0.88
Knowledge about COVID-19	− 0.11	0.07	0.10	− 0.23	0.02
Deterrence (perceived chance of police intervention in the event of non-compliance)a	− 0.02	0.05	0.76	− 0.11	0.08
Perceived legal legitimacya	− 0.17	0.07	0.01	− 0.31	− 0.03
Perceived police legitimacya	0.16	0.07	0.01	0.04	0.31
Social norms regarding social distancinga	− 0.47	0.07	<0.001	− 0.61	− 0.33
Expressive function of the lawa	− 0.22	0.05	<0.001	− 0.31	− 0.13
Functional worry about catching COVID-19	− 0.40	0.12	<0.001	− 0.64	− 0.16
Dysfunctional worry about catching COVID-19	− 0.13	0.10	0.18	− 0.32	0.06
Age gender interaction: 16–24 femaleb	− 0.42	0.17	0.02	− 0.76	− 0.08
25–44 maleb	− 0.23	0.14	0.11	− 0.52	0.054
25–44 femaleb	− 0.48	0.14	<0.001	− 0.75	− 0.21
45–64 maleb	− 0.38	0.19	0.05	− 0.76	− 0.01
45–64 femaleb	− 0.98	0.21	<0.001	− 1.40	− 0.56
65 + maleb	− 0.91	0.70	0.19	− 2.29	0.47
65 + femaleb	− 0.99	0.67	0.14	− 2.30	0.32
City: Cardiffc	− 0.11	0.22	0.64	− 0.55	0.33
Edinburghc	− 0.28	0.21	0.18	− 0.70	0.13
Glasgowc	− 0.11	0.21	0.59	− 0.51	0.29
Leedsc	− 0.09	0.20	0.67	− 0.31	0.48
Liverpoolc	− 0.05	0.21	0.82	− 0.46	0.36
Londonc	0.23	0.16	0.14	− 0.08	0.53
Manchesterc	− 0.03	0.20	0.87	− 0.42	0.36
Newcastlec	− 0.30	0.23	0.19	− 0.75	0.14
Sheffieldc	− 0.24	0.23	0.30	− 0.69	0.21
None of thesec	0.04	0.22	0.84	− 0.38	0.47

Poisson regression model estimated using Stata 15. Source: Wave 3 of Policing the pandemic. Total n = 1015

OR odds ratio, CI confidence intervals

* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

^aComponent scores saved from principal components analysis

^b Reference category: 16–24 male

^cReference category: Birmingham