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. 2021 Jan 20;22(3):993. doi: 10.3390/ijms22030993

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Classically activated M1-type microglia release proinflammatory cytokines, whereas alternatively activated M2-type microglia release anti-inflammatory cytokines. CD: cluster of differentiation; CX3CR1: C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor alpha; TNFR: TNFα receptor; IFN-γ: interferon gamma; IFN-γR: IFN-γ receptor; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4; IL: interleukin; TGFβ: transforming growth factor beta; TGFβR: TGFβ receptor.