Figure 5.

Postulated pathways involving specific C-lectin type receptors (CLR) that have been shown to bind to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. DC-SIGN, L-SIGN, MGL, and MR have been shown to directly associate with carbohydrate motifs present on the outer surface of SARS-CoV-2 S protein [35]. The signal transduction of L-SIGN and MGL remains undetermined. However, we postulate that DC-SIGN and MR may contribute to inflammation and severe immunopathological manifestations experienced in COVID-19 patients through NF-kB pathway, which has previously been reported in fungal infections [260]. Abbreviations: B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10, Bcl10; caspase recruitment domain-containing membrane- associated guanylate kinase protein-1, CARMA1; connector enhancer of kinase suppressor of Ras1, CNK; kinase suppressor of Ras1, KSR1; lymphocyte-specific protein kinase-1, LSP1; mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1, MALT1; protein kinase C delta, PCK$\delta$; proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase, Raf-1.