Table 1.

Effect of modified imprinted gene expression on the function of mouse and human pancreatic beta cells.

Imprinted Gene	Proposed Functional Role in Beta Cells	Effect of Altered Expression in Beta Cells	References
Cdkn1c	Cell cycle control	Increased beta cell replication upon knockdown in human islets	[62,63]
Dlk1	Cellular differentiation	Overexpression resulted in differentiation of human pancreatic ductal cells into beta-like cells and an increase in insulin secretion	[64]
Grb10	Receptor tyrosine kinase adaptor protein	Knockdown in human islets reduced insulin secretion. However, increased beta cell mass, insulin secretion and improved whole body glucose tolerance in knockout mice	[66,67,80]
Gtl2	Long non-coding RNA	Knockdown in stable mouse beta cells increased sensitivity to cytokine-mediated oxidative stress	[70]
H19	Long non-coding RNA	Knockdown decreased rat beta cell expansion	[71]
Nnat	Mediator of preproinsulin processing	Knockout in mice leads to reduced beta cell insulin content, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and glucose tolerance	[59,60]
Peg3	Zinc finger protein, regulates apoptosis	Viral-mediated knockdown in vitro activates beta cell cycling	[65]
Plagl1	Zinc finger protein, suppresses cell growth	Transient neonatal diabetes upon overexpression of Plagl1 in mice	[52,57]
Rasgrf1	Guanine nucleotide exchange factor	Knockout in mice leads to reduced beta cell mass, hypoinsulinaemia and impaired glucose tolerance	[68]