TABLE 4.
Conventional extraction methods and fucoxanthin yield from microalgae and macroalgae.
| Extraction methods | Type of solvent | Species | Class | Temperature (°C) | Fucoxanthin yield | References |
| Solvent extraction or maceration | Ethanol | Phaeodactylum tricornutum | Bacillariophyceae | 30 | 15.71 mg/g | Kim et al., 2012 |
| Ethanol | Odontella aurita | Bacillariophyceae | 45 | 17.20 mg/g | Xia et al., 2013 | |
| Ethanol (96%) | Sargassum muticum | Phaeophyceae | 40 | 0.55 mg/g | Conde et al., 2014 | |
| Methanol | Chaetoceros calcitrans | Bacillariophyceae | 25 | 22.71% | Foo et al., 2015a | |
| Acetone | Phaeodactylum tricornutum | Bacillariophyceae | 25 | 4.60 mg/g | Kim et al., 2012 | |
| Ethyl acetate | Phaeodactylum tricornutum | Bacillariophyceae | 25 | 2.26 mg/g | Kim et al., 2012 | |
| Dimethyl sulfoxide | Laminaria japonica | Phaeophyceae | 25 | 122.10 μg/g | Wang et al., 2005 | |
| Acetone | Fucus vesiculosus | Phaeophyceae | 30 | 0.70 mg/g | Shannon and Abu-Ghannam, 2017 | |
| Tetrahydrofuran | Phaeodactylum tricornutum | Bacillariophyceae | 35 | 1.28 mg/g | Aslanbay Guler et al., 2020 | |
| Dichloromethane | Phaeodactylum tricornutum | Bacillariophyceae | 35 | 1.28 mg/g | Aslanbay Guler et al., 2020 | |
| Methanol | Phaeodactylum tricornutum | Bacillariophyceae | 35 | 0.57 mg/g | Aslanbay Guler et al., 2020 | |
| Acetone + methanol (1:1, v/v) | Saccharina japonica | Phaeophyceae | 25 | 0.48 mg/g | Sivagnanam et al., 2015 | |
| Acetone + methanol (1:1, v/v) | Sargassum horneri | Phaeophyceae | 25 | 0.71 mg/g | Sivagnanam et al., 2015 | |
| Hexane | Saccharina japonica | Phaeophyceae | 25 | 0.16 mg/g | Sivagnanam et al., 2015 | |
| Hexane | Sargassum horneri | Phaeophyceae | 25 | 0.05 mg/g | Sivagnanam et al., 2015 | |
| Ethanol | Saccharina japonica | Phaeophyceae | 25 | 0.12 mg/g | Sivagnanam et al., 2015 | |
| Ethanol | Sargassum horneri | Phaeophyceae | 25 | 0.08 mg/g | Sivagnanam et al., 2015 | |
| Cold acetone-methanol (7:3 v/v) | Sargassum binderi | Phaeophyceae | 25 | 0.73 mg/g | Noviendri et al., 2011 | |
| Cold acetone-methanol (7:3 v/v) | Sargassum duplicatum | Phaeophyceae | 25 | 1.01 mg/g | Noviendri et al., 2011 | |
| Acetone, 120 min | Cylindrotheca closterium | Bacillariophyceae | 20 | 5.34 μg/mg | Pasquet et al., 2011 | |
| Acetone, 60 min | Cylindrotheca closterium | Bacillariophyceae | 56 | 5.23 μg/mg | Pasquet et al., 2011 | |
| Soxhlet extraction | Ethanol (80%) | Phaeodactylum tricornutum | Bacillariophyceae | 80 | 15.42 mg/g | Kim et al., 2012 |
| Ethanol | Laminaria japonica | Phaeophyceae | 40 | 191 μg/g | Kanazawa et al., 2008 | |
| Ethanol | Undaria pinnatifida | Phaeophyceae | 78 | 50 μg/g | Kanda et al., 2014 |