Figure 1.

Representation of the phases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and host immune response. Green boxes represent the infection dynamics in the case of a good immune response and successful infection clearance. Red boxes indicate the infection dynamics in case of severe or critical complication and infection persistence. All the preventive (vaccine) and therapeutic approaches currently tested clinically are reported (dotted lines) and placed in function of the infection timeline. Green arrows indicate an activating effect of the intervention, red inhibitory arrows indicate an inhibitory effect of the intervention. SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus-2; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL, interleukin; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; PD-1, programmed death-1.