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. 2021 Jan 20;22(3):1015. doi: 10.3390/ijms22031015

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Effect of AD therapeutic drugs on growth and biofilm formation of bacteria. (a) Fresh fecal samples from wild type C57BL6/J mice were collected, diluted appropriately and incubated with the respective drug for 10 min (ctrl: DMSO; Don.: donepezil; Riv.: rivastigmine; Gal.: galantamine; Mem.: memantine; for the concentrations see Table 2). (a) ATP content was measured with the BacTiter-Glo assay (n= 4; for each measurement performed in technical duplicates, fecal samples from 4 donor animals each were pooled; 50% females). Suspensions of fecal material were additionally plated after the incubation with the respective drug on family-specific plates. Colony forming units (CFU) were counted after 20 h of incubation for Enterobacteriaceae (b) and Lactobacillaceae (c). (d) Biofilm formation of E. coli was measured by assessment of the fluorescent signal of Congo red (CR) binding to amyloidogenic fibers within the biofilm derived by cultivation on YESCA-agar. Data are presented as mean + SEM. Statistical analysis was conducted by One Way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparison test (* p < 0.05).