Table 1.
Overview of psychological and functional outcomes after ECLS.
| Outcome | Author (Reference) | ECLS-Mode | Main Indication | Total Patients, N | Median Time to ECLS, Years | Prevalence, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinically significant anxiety (HADS) | Muller et al. [25] | VA | AMI | 41 | 2.7 | 34 |
| McDonald et al. [26] | VV | ARF | 42 | 1.2 | 48 | |
| Schmidt et al. [29] | VV (95%) | ARDS | 67 | 1.4 | 34 | |
| O’brien et al. [30] | VV | ARF | 13 | 3.0 | 54 | |
| Orbo et al. [31] | VA (75%) | C (60%), P (25%) ECPR (15%) |
20 | 6.5 (mean) | 15 | |
| Anxiety/depression (EQ-5D) |
Wang et al. [28] | VV | ARDS | 24 | 1.0 | None: 58 Moderate: 21 Extreme: 21 |
| Depression (HADS ) | Muller et al. [25] | VA | AMI | 41 | 2.7 | 20 |
| McDonald et al. [26] | VV | ARF | 42 | 1.2 | 26 | |
| Schmidt et al. [29] | VV (95%) | ARDS | 67 | 1.4 | 25 | |
| O’brien et al. [30] | VV | ARF | 13 | 3.0 | 15 | |
| Orbo et al. [31] | VA (75%) | C (60%), P (25%) CPR (15%) |
20 | 6.5 (mean) | 0 | |
| At risk for PTSD (IES(-R)) |
Muller et al. [25] | VA | AMI | 41 | 2.7 | 5 |
| Schmidt et al. [29] | VV (95%) | ARDS | 67 | 1.4 | 16 | |
| O’brien et al. [30] | VV | ARF | 13 | 3.0 | 23 | |
| Pain/discomfort (EQ-5D) |
Wang et al. [28] | VV | ARDS | 24 | 1.0 | None: 71 Moderate: 29 Extreme: 0 |
| Katz ADL and Lawton IADL |
McDonald et al. [26] | VV | ARF | 42 | 1.2 | No deficiencies: 62 Mild/moderate: 19 Severe: 19 |
| Return to work | Orbo et al. [31] | VA (75%) | C (60%), P (25%) CPR (15%) |
20 | 6.5 (mean) | 50 |
Abbreviations: ADL: activities of daily living; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; ARF: acute respiratory failure; C: circulatory; CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ECLS: extracorporeal life support; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HADS: hospital anxiety and depression scale; IADL: instrumental activities of daily living; IES(-R): impact of event scale (-revised); P: pulmonary; PTSD: post-traumatic stress disorder; VA: veno-arterial; VV: veno-venous; yr.: year.