Table 1.
Effects of cytokines present in the tumor microenvironment on the immune response, CD4 T cells, and tumor growth.
| Cytokines | Effect on Immune Response |
Associated CD4 T Cell Subsets | Effect on Tumor Growth | References |
| TGFβ | Immunosuppressive | Treg, Th9 | Promotion | [47,50,51,56] |
| IL-6 | Inflammatory | Th17 | Promotion | [57,58] |
| IL-2 | Inflammatory | All | Ambivalent | [59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68] |
| IL-1 | Inflammatory | Th17, Th9 | Ambivalent | [69,70,71,72,73,74] |
| TNFα | Inflammatory | Th1, Th17 | Ambivalent | [75,76,77,78] |
| IL-23 | Inflammatory | Th17 | Ambivalent | [79] |
| IL-17 | Inflammatory | Th17 | Promotion | [80] |
| IL-4 | Immunosuppressive | Th2, Th9 | Ambivalent | [54,81,82] |
| IL-13 | Immunosuppressive | Th2 | Promotion | [83] |
| IL-33 | Immunosuppressive | Th2 | Promotion | [84,85] |
| IFNs type I | Inflammatory | Th1 | Inhibition | [86,87,88] |
| IFN type II | Inflammatory | Th1 | Inhibition | [89] |
| IFN type III | Inflammatory | Th1 | Inhibition | [90,91,92,93] |
| IL-12 | Inflammatory | Th1 | Inhibition | [94,95,96] |
| IL-15 | Immunosuppressive | Th1 | Promotion | [95] |
| IL-18 | Inflammatory | Th1 | Inhibition | [95] |