Fig. 2.

Salivary cortisol concentration, secretion, and osmolarity-adjusted concentration in International Space Station (ISS) crewmembers and ground-based control subjects (A) and shedding and nonshedding crew (B) during an ISS mission. Values are means ± SE. Time points are n days before launch (L−n), n days into flight (FDn), and n days after return to Earth (R+n). No differences were found between rookie and veteran crewmembers (data not shown). Differences between groups: ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01.