Fig. 4.

Salivary cortisol-to-dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) ratio concentration, secretion, and osmolarity-adjusted concentration in International Space Station (ISS) crewmembers and ground-based control subjects (A), rookie and veteran crew (B), and shedding and nonshedding crew (C) during an ISS mission. Values are means ± SE. Time points are n days before launch (L−n), n days into flight (FDn), and n days after return to Earth (R+n). Differences between groups: ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01. *Differences between specific time points indicated by bars, colored to indicate specific group effect.