Table 2.
PCR primer sequences
| Officiala | Commonb | Gene Name | Forward Primer | Reverse Primer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insulin and nutrient signaling | ||||
| INSR-A* | Insulin receptor, transcript a | CCCGAAGACCGACTCTCA | AGGCCTGGG ATGAAAAC | |
| INSR-B* | Insulin receptor, transcript b | CCGAAGACCGACTCTCAGAT | CAACAGGGCCTGAAGATGAT | |
| TAT | Tyrosine aminotransferase | CCTGCCGACAGATCCTGAAG | TCCTCCCGACTGGATAAGCA | |
| CDKN1A | P21 | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1a | CCGAGACTTTCTGAACCGCT | GCAATCAGTGGAGTGAGGCT |
| Glucose metabolism | ||||
| PFKL* | Phosphofructokinase, liver isoform | TGGTGGCTCCATGCTGGGGA | GCAGGGCGTGGATGCTGTGA | |
| PFKFB1 | 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 1 | GGCCCTGAATGAGATTGATGCGG | TCCCTTAGGATAGCGGTAGCGG | |
| PKLR* | Pyruvate kinase, liver, red cell isoform | TGGCGGGAAAGCCCGTTGTC | CCAGAACGGCGTTGGCCACA | |
| PKM* | Pyruvate kinase, muscle isoform | ACCACGCAGAGACCATCAAG | GGTCCTTTAGTGTCCAGGGC | |
| PDK1 | Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 | TGGAGCATCACGCTGACAAA | CTCAGAGGAACACCACCTCC | |
| PDK2 | Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 | TACATGGCCTCTCCTGACCT | AAGCATGTGGTAGAGGTGGG | |
| PDK4* | Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 | CCCAGAGGACCAAAAGGCAT | GGGTCAGCTGTACAGGCATC | |
| LDHA* | Lactate dehydogenase A | CATGGCCTGTGCCATCAGTA | GGAAAAGGCTGCCATGTTGG | |
| LDHB* | Lactate dehydogenase B | GAGGGAGCGATCCCAAACAA | CAGAATGCTGATGGCACACG | |
| PCK1* | Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, cytosolic | TGTCCGAGGAGGATTTTGAG | ATGCCAATCTTGGACAGAGG | |
| PCK2* | Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2, mitochondrial | GCCTGTGCTTCAGGCCCTGG | TGCATGGCCACTGGCACACC | |
| G6PC* | Glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic-subunit | GGATTCTGGATCGTGCAACT | ATCCAATGGCGAAACTGAAC | |
| PC* | Pyruvate carboxylase | GCACAGCATGGGGCTTGGCT | AACTGGGCCAGGTCCCCCAC | |
| Lipid metabolism | ||||
| SREBF1* | SREBP1C | Sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1, transcript c | ATGGATTGCACGTTCGAAG | CGGGAATTCGCTGTCTTG |
| ACACA* | ACC1 | Acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha | CGATGTCAACCTCCCTGCCGC | ATCGCCCCAGGGAGAGACCC |
| FASN* | Fatty acid synthase | GACACATCCTTTGAGCAGCA | TTTGCCATTTCCAGGAATC | |
| MLXIPL | CHREBP | Carbohydrate-response element-binding protein | CAAGTGGCGCATCTACTACAAG | AAGAGCTGCTCGCACCAT |
| Amino acid metabolism | ||||
| BCAT1 | Branched-chain amino acid transaminase 1 | CATCCTGGACTTGGCACACA | CAGGCGGTACCTGAACCAAA | |
| BCAT2* | Branched-chain amino acid transaminase 2 | TGTCCTCCGTTTCCACAAGG | AGCTTTACACCGGGAGCATC | |
| BCKDK* | Branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase kinase | AAAGTGGGTGGACTTTGCCA | GCATCGGGATGAAGGGGAAA | |
| GLUD1* | Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 | AGCGCTCTGCCAGGCAAATCAT | GCGGCCGTTCTCAGGTCCAG | |
| ASNS* | Asparagine synthetase | AAGCCATGACGGAAGATGGG | ATGTCCTGGCGAAAAAGGCT | |
| GLS | Glutaminase 1 | CCCAGAAGGCACAGACATGGTTGG | GGGCAGAAGCCACCATTAGCCA | |
| GLS2 | Glutaminase 2 | CTGGTGCCATTGTTGTGAGC | ATGTGGCATTGCTGAAACCC | |
| Mitochondrial function | ||||
| PPARGC1A* | PGC1A | PPARG coactivator-1α | GTGACTCTGGGGTCAGAGGA | CACCAAACCCACAGAGAACC |
| ESRRA* | Estrogen-related receptor-α | GAGCGCGAGGAGTATGTTCT | AGGGCCTCGTGTAGAGCTTC | |
| YY1* | YY1 transcription factor | ACCTGGCATTGACCTCTCAG | GGGCAAGCTATTGTTCTTGG | |
| CYCS* | Cytochrome c, somatic | AACCTCCATGGTCTGTTTGG | CTCCATCAGCGTCTCCTCTC | |
| IDH1 | isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 | GACATGGTGGCCCAAGCTAT | CATCATGCCGAGAGAGCCAT | |
| IDH2 | Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 | CTGGCCACCCAGAAGTACAG | CCATTGGGGCTCTTCCACAT | |
| NRF1 | Nuclear respiratory factor 1 | ACGGAAACGTCCTCATGTGT | ATAGCTTGCTGTCCCACTCG | |
| NFE2L2 | NRF2 | Nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 | GCTTTTGGCAGAGACATTCC | GCATTGAAGACTGGGCTCTC |
| Reference gene | ||||
| RPS15* | Ribosomal protein S15 | ATCATTCTGCCCGAGATGGTG | CGGGCCGGCCATGCTTTACG | |
| Mitochondrial/nuclear DNA | ||||
| HBB | Hemoglobin subunit beta | CCCATGGCAAGAAGGTGCTA | CGTGCAGCTTATCACAGTGC | |
| MT-CYT | Cytochrome b | TATACACGCAAACGGGGCAT | GCTGTGGCTATTGTCGCAAA | |