Table 1.
Characteristics of the women by true/false positive/negative cases considering Option 2.
| Total | True Negative Cases | False Positive Cases | True Positive Cases | False Negative Cases | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 4245 | n = 3678 | n = 86 | n = 344 | n = 137 | ||
| OGTT between 22 and 30 WG | ||||||
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 4.38 (0.45) | 4.30 (0.36) a,b | 4.46 (0.37) d,e | 5.23 (0.47) f | 4.29 (0.26) | <0.001 |
| 1-h plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 6.76 (1.76) | 6.42 (1.46) a,b,c | 7.48 (1.42) d,e | 9.17 (2.02) f | 9.61 (1.24) | <0.001 |
| 2-h plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.96 (1.43) | 5.67 (1.10) a,b,c | 6.34 (1.20) d,e | 7.93 (1.93) f | 8.58 (1.34) | <0.001 |
| Gestational age at time of OGTT (WG) | 26.22 (1.89) | 26.21 (1.88) | 26.19 (2.03) | 26.29 (1.91) | 26.40 (1.85) | NS |
| Characteristics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 30.25 (5.32) | 29.93 (5.25) a,b,c | 32.38 (4.74) | 32.42 (5.28) | 32.01 (5.60) | <0.001 |
| Preconception body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.36 (4.48) | 24.15 (4.36) b | 25.31 (4.55) | 26.30 (5.14) f | 24.57 (4.46) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 493 (11.7) | 388 (10.6) b | 14 (16.7) | 76 (22.2) f | 15 (10.9) | <0.001 |
| Preconception hypertension | 28 (0.7) | 19 (0.5) b | 1 (1.2) | 7 (2.0) | 1 (0.7) | 0.01 |
| Family history of diabetes | 824 (19.4) | 671 (18.2) a,b | 28 (32.6) | 94 (27.3) | 31 (22.6) | <0.001 |
| Employment | 1883 (44.4) | 1649 (44.9) | 28 (32.6) | 148 (43.1) | 58 (42.3) | NS |
| Smoking before pregnancy | 493 (11.6) | 447 (12.2) | 3 (3.5) | 34 (9.9) | 9 (6.6) | 0.012 |
| Parity | 2.03 (1.18) | 2.00 (1.17) | 2.90 (1.05) | 2.28 (1.23) | 1.83 (1.12) | |
| Previous pregnancy(ies) | ||||||
| History of hyperglycemia in pregnancy | <0.001 * | |||||
| First child | 1769 (41.7) | 1589 (43.2) | 0 (0.0) | 108 (31.4) | 72 (52.6) | |
| No | 2324 (54.7) | 2089 (56.8) | 0 (0.0) | 170 (49.4) | 65 (47.4) | |
| Yes | 152 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) a,b | 86 (100.0) d,e | 66 (19.2) f | 0 (0.0) | |
| History of macrosomia | <0.001 * | |||||
| First child | 1769 (41.7) | 1589 (43.2) | 0 (0.0) | 108 (31.4) | 72 (52.6) | |
| No | 2378 (56.0) | 2022 (55.0) | 77 (89.5) | 218 (63.4) | 61 (44.5) | |
| Yes | 98 (2.3) | 67 (1.8) a,b | 9 (10.5) | 18 (5.2) | 4 (2.9) | |
| History of hypertensive disorders | NS * | |||||
| First pregnancy | 1226 (28.9) | 1108 (30.1) | 0 (0.0) | 68 (19.8) | 50 (36.5) | |
| No | 2941 (69.3) | 2504 (68.1) | 84 (97.7) | 268 (77.9) | 85 (62.0) | |
| Yes | 78 (1.8) | 66 (1.8) | 2 (2.3) | 8 (2.3) | 2 (1.5) | |
| History of fetal death | 0.04 * | |||||
| First pregnancy | 1226 (28.9) | 1108 (30.1) | 0 (0.0) | 68 (19.8) | 50 (36.5) | |
| No | 2964 (69.8) | 2528 (68.7) | 84 (97.7) | 266 (77.3) | 86 (62.8) | |
| Yes | 55 (1.3) | 42 (1.1) b | 2 (2.3) | 10 (2.9) | 1 (0.7) | |
| Ethnicity | <0.01 | |||||
| North African | 866 (20.4) | 694 (18.9) | 29 (33.7) | 108 (31.5) | 35 (25.5) | |
| European | 1509 (35.6) | 1353 (36.8) | 16 (18.6) | 93 (27.1) | 47 (34.3) | |
| Sub-Saharan African | 888 (20.9) | 793 (21.6) | 15 (17.4) | 69 (20.1) | 11 (8.0) | |
| Indian-Pakistan-Sri Lankan | 342 (8.1) | 267 (7.3) | 15 (17.4) | 44 (12.8) | 16 (11.7) | |
| Caribbean | 281 (6.6) | 260 (7.1) | 3 (3.5) | 13 (3.8) | 5 (3.6) | |
| Asian | 72 (1.7) | 59 (1.6) | 2 (2.3) | 3 (0.9) | 8 (5.8) | |
| Other | 285 (6.7) | 251 (6.8) | 6 (7.0) | 13 (3.8) | 15 (10.9) | |
| High-risk women | 2050 (48.3) | 1649 (44.8) | 86 (100.0) | 229 (66.6) | 86 (62.8) | |
| Glycemic status (reference standard: IADPSG/WHO criteria) | <0.001 | |||||
| Normal | 3764 (88.7) | 3678 (100.0) | 86 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus | 459 (10.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 326 (94.8) | 133 (97.1) | |
| Diabetes in pregnancy | 22 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 18 (5.2) | 4 (2.9) | |
| Events during pregnancy | ||||||
| Composite adverse outcome | 492 (11.6) | 390 (10.6) a,b | 21 (24.4) e | 67 (19.5) | 14 (10.2) | <0.001 |
| Preeclampsia | 71 (1.7) | 59 (1.6) | 1 (1.2) | 6 (1.7) | 5 (3.6) | 0.29 |
| LGA age infant | 400 (9.4) | 318 (8.6) a,b | 20 (23.3) e | 54 (15.7) f | 8 (5.8) | <0.001 |
| Shoulder dystocia | 6 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) | 0.06 |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia | 27 (0.6) | 15 (0.4) b | 0 (0.0) | 11 (3.2) | 1 (0.7) | <0.001 |
| Ceasarean section | 862 (20.3) | 721 (19.6) b | 23 (26.7) | 90 (26.2) | 28 (20.4) | 0.014 |
| Preterm delivery (<37 weeks) | 229 (5.4) | 193 (5.2) | 3 (3.5) | 24 (7.0) | 9 (6.6) | 0.42 |
| Offspring hospitalization | 812 (19.1) | 677 (18.4) | 21 (24.4) | 81 (23.5) | 33 (24.1) | 0.026 |
| Respiratory distress syndrome | 202 (4.8) | 166 (4.5) | 7 (8.1) | 18 (5.2) | 11 (8.0) | 0.11 |
| Intrauterine fetal or neonatal death | 13 (0.3) | 11 (0.3) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.39 |
| SGA infant | 417 (9.8) | 366 (10.0) | 2 (2.3) e | 30 (8.7) | 19 (13.9) | 0.04 |
| Insulin therapy during | 172 (4.1) | 0 (0.0) b,c | 0 (0.0) d,e | 140 (40.7) f | 32 (23.4) | <0.001 |
Date are n (%) or mean (standard deviation). HIP: hyperglycemia in pregnancy; IADPSG: International Association of Diabetes Pregnancy Study Group; LGA: large for gestational age; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; SGA: small for gestational age; WG: weeks of gestation; WHO: World Health Organization. Composite adverse outcome: preeclampsia or LGA infant or shoulder dystocia or neonatal hypoglycemia. Symbols indicate whether values are significant (p < 0.05) after Bonferroni adjustment for multiplicity: a True negative versus False positive, b True negative versus True positive, c True negative versus False negative, d False positive versus True positive, e False positive versus False negative, f True positive versus False negative; * yes versus no comparison; NS: non-significant.