Table 1.
Demographic and selected variables in mothers with offspring CHDs and controls
| Variables | Control N(%) | Case N(%) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender of childrena | < 0.001 | ||
| Male | 171(57.00) | 138(40.95) | |
| Female | 129(43.00 | 199(59.05) | |
| Child-bearing agea,b | |||
| 24.12 ± 5.11 | 25.93 ± 2.24 | 26.52 ± 5.25 | 0.075 |
| < 25 | 90(31.25) | 150(45.18) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 25 | 198(68.75) | 182(54.82) | |
| Educationa | < 0.001 | ||
| Middle school and lower | 110(39.71) | 192(56.97) | |
| High school and above | 167(60.29) | 145(43.03) | |
| Occupationa | 0.005 | ||
| Farmer | 44(15.83) | 66(19.94) | |
| Worker | 76(27.34) | 80(24.17) | |
| Server | 15(5.40) | 34(10.27) | |
| Businessman | 25(8.99) | 28(8.46) | |
| Housework | 35(12.59) | 356(10.57) | |
| Teacher/government worker | 28(10.07) | 11(3.32) | |
| Others | 55(19.78) | 77(23.26) | |
| Family history with CHDsa | 0.118 | ||
| No | 272(97.84) | 321(95.54) | |
| Yes | 6(2.16) | 15(4.46) | |
| History of abortiona | 0.025 | ||
| No | 185(66.55) | 194(57.74) | |
| Yes | 93(33.45) | 142(42.26) | |
| History of adverse pregnancya | 0.67 | ||
| No | 127(45.68) | 156(47.42) | |
| Yes | 151(54.32) | 173(52.58) | |
| Early pregnancy healtha | < 0.001 | ||
| Healthy | 242(88.32) | 197(60.80) | |
| Illness | 32(11.68) | 127(39.20) | |
| Fetus during pregnancya | 0.136 | ||
| Normal | 266(97.08) | 317(94.63) | |
| Abnormal | 8(2.92) | 18(5.37) | |
| Folate supplements or multiple vitamina | 0.277 | ||
| No | 130(42.48) | 158(46.75) | |
| Yes | 176(57.52) | 180(53.25) | |
| Smokinga | 0.022 | ||
| No | 173(83.17) | 302(89.88) | |
| Yes | 35(16.83) | 34(14.58) | |
| Drinkinga | 0.167 | ||
| No | 254(92.70) | 297(89.46) | |
| Yes | 20(7.30) | 35(10.54) | |
| Pesticide exposurea | 0.023 | ||
| No | 269(98.53) | 319(95.22) | |
| Yes | 4(1.47) | 16(4.78) | |
| Drug exposurea | < 0.001 | ||
| No | 244(90.37) | 247(75.77) | |
| Yes | 26(9.63) | 79(24.23) | |
aCounting variables were described by frequency (percentage), and tested by χ2 test for differences between groups
bQuantitative data were described by mean ± SD, and tested by t-test for differences between groups