Fig. 1.

Timeline of the discovery of key genes involved in male infertility. The development of novel molecular techniques and technological advancements introduced since 1956 have allowed for the identification of key genes responsible for the various types of male infertility in humans. Although the first male infertility genes were first identified in the late 1980s, the widespread application of microarray and NGS approaches has resulted in an increase in the detection of male infertility genes